Comment on Formulating and Generalizing Dirac's, Proca's, and Maxwell's Equations with Biquaternions or Clifford Numbers

Many difficulties of interpretation met by contemporary researchers attempting to recast or generalize Dirac's, Proca's, or Maxwell's theories using biquaternions or Clifford numbers have been encountered long ago by a number of physicists including Lanczos, Proca, and Einstien. In the modern approach initiated by Gürsey, these difficulties are solved by recognizing that most generalizations lead to theories describing superpositions of particles of different intrinsic spin and isospin, so that the correct interpretation emerges from the requirement of full Poincaré covariance, including space and time reversal, as well as reversion and gauge invariance. For instance, the doubling of the number of solutions implied by the simplest generalization of Dirac's equation (i.e., Lanczos's equation) can be interpreted as isospin. In this approach, biquaternions and Clifford numbers become powerful opportunities to formulate the Standard Model of elementary particles, as well as many of its possible generalizations, in very elegant and compact ways.