Effects of conformation on the stereochemistry of solvent attack on benzylic beta-hydroxycarbocations: mechanisms of epoxide hydrolysis reactions

The rates and products from the acid-catalyzed and the pH-independent reactions of two diastereomeric 6-methoxy-trans-1,2,3,4,4a,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene 9,10-oxides (5b and 7b), along with their cis and trans chlorohydrins, have been determined in dioxane/water solutions. The mechanisms of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 5b and 7b involve rate-limiting formation of benzylic carbocations (6b and 8b), which have sufficient lifetimes to be trapped by azide ion. Each carbocation is stabilized by the 6-methoxy group and held in single conformation by the adjacent trans-fused cyclohexane ring. The stereochemistry of the attack of water on each carbocation is independent of whether the precursor is an epoxide, a cis chlorohydrin, or a trans chlorohydrin, and the major diol hydrolysis product from each compound results from the axial attack of a solvent molecule on the carbocation intermediate. The hydrolysis of the trans chlorohydrin formed from the reaction of 5b with HCl exhibits a common ion rate depression. The major product from the pH-independent reaction of 5b is a trans diol, and the major product from the pH-independent reaction of 7b is an isomeric ketone. The rate of the pH-independent reaction of 7b is >10(4) times faster than that of 5b.