基于生物大分子的纳米药物载体

生物大分子材料由于其可再生性、无毒性以及良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性和黏膜粘附性等特点成为药物载体研究的热点,尤其是将其作为纳米药物载体材料更加受人关注。本文首先对生物大分子纳米颗粒常用的制备方法--乳化法、自组装法和离子凝聚法进行了详细的介绍。由于乳化法在一定程度上破坏了生物大分子的生物相容性,因此自组装法和离子凝聚法是比较理想的制备方法。其中自组装法是利用两亲性的生物大分子,如蛋白质、多糖衍生物等在静电作用、疏水作用、范德华力等非键合作用力下组装成纳米结构;而离子凝聚法则是利用聚电解质与带相反电荷物质之间的静电作用形成纳米结构。接着本文对通过这些方法获得的生物大分子纳米颗粒作为蛋白类药物、抗癌药物以及基因药物的载体在近年来的研究进展进行了归纳和总结,结果显示其在药物缓释体系中具有广阔的应用前景。

Biomacromolecule-based Nanoparticle Drug Carriers

Biomacromolecules have attracted more and more attentions on drug carriers (especially in the application of nanoparticle drug carriers) in recent years because of their renewability,nontoxicity,biocompatibility,biodegradability and mucoadhesive ability.The common methods for the preparation of biomacromolecule-based nanopaticles,including emulsion method,self-assembly method and ionic-gelation method are introduced in this review in the first part.Among these methods,the self-assembly method and the ionic-gelation method are more promising because the emulsion method may affect the biocompatibility of the biomacromolecules to a certain extent.Since proteins contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments and polysacchairde can be modified with the hydrophobic molecules,the self-assembly method is those amphiphilic biomacromolecules,for instance proteins and polysaccharide derivatives that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments,to form nanoparticles by self-assembly via electrostatic interaction,hydrophobic interaction and van der Waals' force.The ionic-gelation method is those polyelectrolytes,for instance proteins and polysaccharide that can be charged under certain condition,to form nanoparticles via the electrostatic interaction with the oppositely charged materials.It can be further divided into several concrete methods,such as ionic crosslinking,polyelectrolyte complex formation,layer-by-layer assembly and template polymerization.In the second part of this review,the progress in the application of these biomacromolecule-based nanoparticles as protein drug,anti-tumor drug,and gene drug carriers is summarized.The results show that these biomacromolecule-based nanoparticle drug carries have great potential in the drug controlled released system.