Nanoparticle decoration with surfactants: Molecular interactions,assembly, and applications |
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Authors: | Hendrik Heinz Chandrani Pramanik Ozge Heinz Yifu Ding Ratan K. Mishra Delphine Marchon Robert J. Flatt Irina Estrela-Lopis Jordi Llop Sergio Moya Ronald F. Ziolo |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;3. Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;4. Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Department of Advanced Materials, 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico;5. Institute for Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany;6. Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales (CIC BiomaGUNE), 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain |
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Abstract: | Nanostructures of diverse chemical nature are used as biomarkers, therapeutics, catalysts, and structural reinforcements. The decoration with surfactants has a long history and is essential to introduce specific functions. The definition of surfactants in this review is very broad, following its lexical meaning “surface active agents”, and therefore includes traditional alkyl modifiers, biological ligands, polymers, and other surface active molecules. The review systematically covers covalent and non-covalent interactions of such surfactants with various types of nanomaterials, including metals, oxides, layered materials, and polymers as well as their applications. The major themes are (i) molecular recognition and noncovalent assembly mechanisms of surfactants on the nanoparticle and nanocrystal surfaces, (ii) covalent grafting techniques and multi-step surface modification, (iii) dispersion properties and surface reactions, (iv) the use of surfactants to influence crystal growth, as well as (v) the incorporation of biorecognition and other material-targeting functionality. For the diverse materials classes, similarities and differences in surfactant assembly, function, as well as materials performance in specific applications are described in a comparative way. Major factors that lead to differentiation are the surface energy, surface chemistry and pH sensitivity, as well as the degree of surface regularity and defects in the nanoparticle cores and in the surfactant shell. The review covers a broad range of surface modifications and applications in biological recognition and therapeutics, sensors, nanomaterials for catalysis, energy conversion and storage, the dispersion properties of nanoparticles in structural composites and cement, as well as purification systems and classical detergents. Design principles for surfactants to optimize the performance of specific nanostructures are discussed. The review concludes with challenges and opportunities. |
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Keywords: | Nanoparticles Surfactants Biological ligands Self-assembled monolayers Polymers Oxides Layered materials Cement |
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