Chemical Composition,In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Compounds from Nutraceutical Fennel Waste Extract |
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Authors: | Luigi Castaldo,Luana Izzo,Stefania De Pascale,Alfonso Narvá ez,Yelko Rodriguez-Carrasco,Alberto Ritieni |
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Affiliation: | 1.Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, 49 Domenico Montesano Street, 80131 Naples, Italy;2.Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;3.Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valéncia, Spain;4.Staff of UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; |
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Abstract: | Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) waste contains a broad range of bioactive molecules, including polyphenols, which have poor bioaccessibility during gastrointestinal digestion. This work aimed to investigate the bioaccessibility of total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity during simulated gastrointestinal digestion using two nutraceutical formulations based on non-acid-resistant (NAR) and acid-resistant (AR) capsules containing aqueous-based extracts from fennel waste. Moreover, to obtain a comprehensive investigation of the polyphenolic constituents of the fennel waste extract, a high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap) analysis was performed. Notably, chlorogenic acids, such as 4-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, were the most detected compounds found in assayed samples (1.949 and 0.490 mg/g, respectively). After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the extract contained in AR capsules displayed higher bioaccessibility in both the duodenal and colonic stages (1.96 and 5.19 mg GAE/g, respectively) than NAR capsules (1.72 and 3.50 mg GAE/g, respectively), suggesting that the acidic gastric conditions negatively affected the polyphenol compounds released from the NAR capsules. Therefore, the aqueous extract of fennel waste could be proposed as an innovative and easily available source of dietary polyphenols. Furthermore, the use of an AR capsule could improve the polyphenol bioaccessibility and can be proposed as a nutraceutical formulation. |
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Keywords: | food waste valorization health-promoting compounds polyphenols bioactive compounds nutraceutical |
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