The behavior of elastic tubes in a cohesion-free continuum

A model is made of a plain cross section of a tube (tunnel lining) in a cohesion-free continuum (rolling material, sand) which is represented by steel rollers of different diameters. The compactibility of sand in this model is represented by rubber inserts around the tunnel lining. The stress of the tube is measured by photoelasticity. These experiments are the start of a large program of investigation to calculate the stress deformation and buckling of elastic tubes under different loading conditions in rolling material.