Gas cluster growth by solute diffusion in porous media. Experiments and automaton simulation on pore network

The study presented in this paper deals with the liquid–gas phase change by pressure decline of supersaturated CO₂ solutions in 2D porous media. The growth of the gas phase is studied experimentally and numerically as a function of supersaturation, wettability and gravity. Experiments are performed on a transparent etched network (micromodel) and simulations with a specific numerical automaton.In the experiments, the nucleation process, i.e. the occurrence of the gas bubbles, as well as the growth of these bubbles are visualised and analysed by means of a micro video camera and an image processing apparatus. The observations confirm the heterogeneous nature of nucleation and the disordered growth pattern of the gas phase. The analysis of the growth rate of a single gas cluster shows that this phenomenon is different from the compact growth of an isolated single bubble in the bulk. As previously predicted, the bubble growth by mass transfer and volume expansion in porous media is characterised by a pattern of the invasion percolation type under normal laboratory conditions.Numerical simulations of the growth pattern and the growth rate of a single gas cluster are performed with a numerical automaton. Based on a pore network modelling technique and a set of hypotheses derived from the observations, this automaton is first validated by comparing the numerical results with the experiments. Then, the automaton is used to conduct a sensitivity study. In particular, the influences of the Jakob number, pressure decline rate, Bond number, wettability and characteristics of the microstructure are investigated.