Photoelectric properties of aluminium/copper phthalocyanine/gold photovoltaic cells

Solid-state photovoltaic cells based on the semiconductor copper phthalocyanine depend on the presence of dopants for their operation. Electronegative dopants such as oxygen, iodine and water form trap levels in the semiconductor, which aid the dissociation of photoproduced excited states into charge carriers. The cross section for this reaction has been estimated to be about the same as the molecular cross section of phthalocyanine.