Quantum-mechanical analysis of pulse reconstruction for a narrow bandwidth attosecond x-ray pulse

The photoelectron energy spectra (PESs) excited by narrow bandwidthattosecond x-ray pulses in the presence of a few-cycle laser arequantum-mechanically calculated. Transfer equations are used toreconstruct the detailed temporal structure of an attosecond x-raypulse directly from a measured PES. Theoretical analysis shows thatthe temporal uncertainties of the pulse reconstruction depend on thex-ray bandwidth. The procedure of pulse reconstruction is direct andsimple without making any previous pulse assumption, data fittinganalysis and time-resolved measurement of PESs. The temporalmeasurement range is half of a laser optical cycle.