Long-lived fluorescence probes for studying lipid dynamics: A review

A great many studies have focused on the heterogeneous packing of lipids in the bilayer matrix. However, less attention has been directed toward the temporal aspects of these lipid-lipid interactions. Studies of lipid packing fluctuations, or gel-fluid exchange, using fluorescence probe methodologies have been limited. This limitation arises from thesubmicrosecond time scale over which the fluctuations are expected to occur. Traditionally, dynamic studies of lipid bilayers have been restricted to the nanosecond time regime, and the submicrosecond time window has not been explored in any great depth by fluorescence methods, although persistent lipid dynamics has been evident. Probes with long fluorescence lifetimes (several hundred nanoseconds) have the potential to expand this important time window, providing information on gel-fluid exchange rates and insights into how important biological effectors such as proteins, cholesterol, and anesthetics affect or modulate these fluctuations. Using the long-lived fluorescence probe coronene, combined with time-resolved fluorescence methods geared toward microheterogeneity, we present a view of bilayer dynamics in an alternate time domain. Fluorescence probes are expected to inhabit an equilibrium between fluid and gel environments. Some probes remain in their respective environments throughout their excited-state lifetime, while others reside in surroundings that will change (i.e., melt). Long-lived fluorescence membrane probes can provide direct estimates of submicrosecond lipid fluctuation or melt rates. Simple Landau modeling leads to adistribution of melt rates and provides an attractive alternative to a simplercompartmental model where a unique lipid fluctuation of gel-fluid exchange rate is measured. Thedistribution model is probe independent (defined by thermodynamic quantities) and can be applied generally to the rotational motions of fluorescence probes embedded in the lipid bilayer.Abbreviations DMPC l--dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine - DPH 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene - DPPC l--dipalmitoylphospha-tidylcholine - DSC differential scanning calorimetry - EA fluorescence emission anisotropy - LUV large unilamellar vesicles - SUV small unilamellar vesicles - T_c lipid phase transition temperature