Extension of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to non-equilibrium systems |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;3. Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;5. Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;1. State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanori? Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania;2. Lithuanian Institute of History, Tilto St. 17, LT-01101 Vilnius, Lithuania |
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| Abstract: | The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is generalized to the case of nonequilibrium (albeit in a stable steady state) systems. The relationship between the correlation function of the current fluctuations and the average energy absorbed by the system as a consequence of dissipation is used. For a nonequilibrium classical system, the responce function is connected with the correlation function in which the averaging is over the derivative of the energy distribution function. Using the spectrum of the electromagnetic fluctuations, inverting the fluctuation-dissipation relation one can find the permittivity of the medium. |
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