PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity |
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| Institution: | 1. New Century Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 895 Martin Road, Huntsville, AL 35824, USA;2. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA;3. Experimental Station, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA;4. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;5. Laboratoire de Chemie Physique et de Cristallographie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium;6. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;7. Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285-0403, USA;8. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;9. Monsanto/Searle BB4K, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, St. Louis, MO 63198, USA;1. Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;2. Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;3. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China;1. Aligarth Muslim University, Physics Department, Aligarth, India;2. Universität Basel, Switzerland;3. Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;4. Universität Bochum, I. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Germany;5. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany;6. Università di Brescia, Italy;7. Institutul National de C&D pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara “Horia Hulubei”, Bukarest-Magurele, Romania;8. P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Science, Department of Physical Sciences, Changa, India;9. University of Technology, Institute of Applied Informatics, Cracow, Poland;10. IFJ, Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland;11. AGH, University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland;12. Instytut Fizyki, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Cracow, Poland;13. FAIR, Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe, Darmstadt, Germany;14. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany;15. Veksler–Baldin Laboratory of High Energies (VBLHE), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia;p. University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom;q. Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, Germany;r. Northwestern University, Evanston, USA;s. Università di Ferrara and INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;t. Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany;u. INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy;v. INFN Sezione di Genova, Italy;w. Justus Liebig-Universität Gießen, II. Physikalisches Institut, Germany;x. University of Glasgow, United Kingdom;y. Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India;z. KVI – Center for Advanced Radiation Technology (CART), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands;11. Gauhati University, Physics Department, Guwahati, India;12. Indian Institute of Technology Indore, School of Science, Indore, India;13. Fachhochschule Südwestfalen Iserlohn, Germany;14. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Kernphysik, Jülich, Germany;15. Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China;16. INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy;17. Lunds Universitet, Department of Physics, Lund, Sweden;18. Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Kernphysik, Mainz, Germany;19. Helmholtz Institut Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany;110. Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarus State University, Minsk, Belarus;111. Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow, Russia;112. Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia;113. Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India;114. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany;115. Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand;1p. Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia;1q. Institut de Physique Nucléaire d''Orsay (UMR8608), CNRS/IN2P3 and Université Paris-Sud, 91406, Orsay cedex, France;1r. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy;1s. Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia;1t. IRFU, SPHN, CEA Saclay, Saclay, France;1u. Sikaha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, WB, Santiniketan, India;1v. University of Sydney, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia;1w. National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg, Russia;1x. Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, Sweden;1y. Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm, Sweden;1z. Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Applied Physics Department, Surat, India;21. Veer Narmand South Gujarat University, Department of Physics, Surat, India;22. INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy;23. Politecnico di Torino and INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy;24. Università di Torino and INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy;25. Università di Trieste and INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy;26. Uppsala Universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, Uppsala, Sweden;27. The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden;28. Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Universidad de Valencia – CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain;29. Sardar Patel University, Physics Department, Vallabh Vidynagar, India;210. National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland;211. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik, Wien, Austria;212. Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, 61169 Friedberg, Germany;1. Wearable Computing Lab., ETH Zurich, Switzerland;2. ACTLab, University of Passau, Germany |
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| Abstract: | A facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity (PCAM) has been constructed and flown on a series of Space Shuttle Missions. The hardware development was undertaken largely because of the many important examples of quality improvements gained from crystal growth in the diffusion-limited environment in space. The concept was based on the adaptation for microgravity of a commonly available crystallization tray to increase sample density, to facilitate co-investigator participation and to improve flight logistics and handling. A co-investigator group representing scientists from industry, academia, and government laboratories has been established. Microgravity applications of the hardware have produced improvements in a number of structure-based crystallographic studies and include examples of enabling research. Additionally, the facility has been used to support fundamental research in protein crystal growth which has delineated factors contributing to the effect of microgravity on the growth and quality of protein crystals. |
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