Current strategies for electrochemical detection of DNA with solid electrodes

A review of current strategies aimed at detecting nucleic acids (NA) using NA-modified solid electrodes reveals the versatility and potential of electrochemical detection in this field. What emerged at the beginning of 90s as a very promising detection system in DNA technology is now resulting in the first commercial devices. Many aspects of the experimental design, for example surface immobilisation and detection schemes, are outlined and evaluated. Although most approaches use hybridisation as the recognition reaction, those not based on hybridisation are also included. As is finally shown, great advances have been achieved, although further developments are required if electrochemical devices are to be suitable for routine measurement.Abbreviations A Adenine - a.c.V Alternating current voltammetry - Amp. Amperometry - Apo E Apolipoprotein E - BCB Brilliant cresyl blue - BLM Bilayer lipid membrane - bp Base pairs - BPPG Basal planar pyrolytic graphite - bpy 2,2-Bipyridine - C Cytosine - CMV Citomegalovirus - CPE Carbon paste electrode - CPSA Constant-current chronopotentiometric stripping analysis - Cronoamp. Chronoamperometry - CSPE Carbon screen-printed electrode - CV Cyclic voltammetry - dmb 4,4-Dimethyl-2,2-bipyridine - dmphen Dimethylphenanthroline - DPPZ Dipyrido3,2-a.2,3-c]phenazine - DPV Differential pulse voltammetry - dsDNA Double-stranded DNA - EtBr Ethidium bromide - Fc Ferrocene - Fc-CA Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde - Fc-CTPPZ Di1-ferrocenecarbamoylpropyl)tetrahydropyrazine-4-(propylcarbamoylpyridine)]phenazine - Fc-NH₂ Aminoferrocene - FET Field-effect transistor - G Guanine - GCE Glassy carbon electrode - HBV Hepatitis B virus - HGH1 Human growth hormone 1 - HIV Human immunodeficiency virus - HRP Horseradish peroxidase - HOPGE Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrode - IPA Intermittent pulse amperometry - ISFET Ion-selective field-effect transistor - ITO Tin-doped indium oxide electrode - LSV Linear sweep voltammetry - Nano-Au Au nanoparticles - NMP Nucleotide monophosphate - ODN Oligodeoxynucleotide - ox. Oxidation - PCR Polymerase chain reaction - PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PGE Pyrolytic graphite electrode - phen 1,10-Phenanthroline - PNA Peptide nucleic acid - Ppy Polypyrrole - (PQQ)GDH Pyrroline quinone glucose dehydrogenase - red. Reduction - SAM Self-assembled monolayer - SBP Soybean peroxidase - SNP Single nucleotide polymorphism - ssDNA Single-stranded DNA - SWV Square-wave voltammetry - T Thymine - Th Thionine - TTV TT virus - Ep Difference of peak potential