Electroactive planar waveguide studies of Ru(bpy)3(2+) intercalated in a thin clay film: I. Transport and electrochemical phenomena

Electroactive planar waveguide (EAPW) instrumentation was used to perform potential modulated absorbance (PMA) experiments at indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes coated with 0-, 300-, 800-, and 1200-nm-thick SWy-1 montmorillonite clay. PMA experiments performed at low potential modulation monitor mass transport events within 100 nm of the ITO surface and, thus, when used in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry (CV), can elucidate charge transport mechanisms. The data show that at very thin films electron transfer is controlled by electron hopping (sensitive to the anion species in the electrolyte) in an adsorbed Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) layer. As the thickness of the clay film grows, electron transfer may become controlled by mass transfer of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) within the clay film to and from the electrode surface, a mechanism that is affected by the swelling of the film. Film swelling is controlled by the cation of the electrolyte. Films loaded with Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) while being subjected to evanescent wave stimulation demonstrate a large hydrophobic layer. The growth of the hydrophobic layer is attributed to the formation of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+*), which has negative charge located at the periphery of the molecule enhancing clay/complex repulsion. The results suggest that the structure of the film and the mechanism of charge transport can be rationally controlled. Simultaneous measurements of the ingress of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) into the clay film by CV and PMA provide a means to determine the diffusion coefficient of the complex.