Accurate heat transfer measurements using thermochromic liquid crystal. Part 1: Calibration and characteristics of crystals

Encapsulated thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) can accurately measure surface temperature in a variety of heat transfer and fluid flow experiments. Narrow-band TLC, where the colour changes over a temperature range of 1 °C, can be used to determine surface temperature within an uncertainty of 0.1 °C. Wide-band TLC, typically active over 5–20 °C, allow the possibility of mapping surface temperature distributions. In part 1 of this two-part paper, an extensive set of calibrations for narrow-band and wide-band TLC is reported. This generic study provides insight into the importance and influence of the various factors governing the colour–temperature relationship. These governing effects include the variation in optical path, the spectrum of the illumination source, the lighting and viewing angles, the differences between cooling or heating cycles (hysteresis), the variation with the number of heating or cooling cycles (aging) and how this varies with TLC film thickness. Two narrow-band crystals are also specifically calibrated for application to experiments on a transparent disc rotating at high speed (5000 rpm). Part 2 of this paper describes how these accurately-calibrated crystals were used to measure the transient surface temperature on, and heat transfer to, a rotating disc.