Multi-material two-temperature model for simulation of ultra-short laser ablation

We investigate the interaction of 100 fs laser pulses with metal targets at moderate intensities (10¹² to 5 × 10¹³ W/cm²). To take into account effects of laser energy absorption and relaxation we develop a multi-material two-temperature model based on a combination of different approaches. The backbone of the numerical model is a high-order multi-material Godunov method in a purely Eulerian form. This formulation includes an interface-tracking algorithm and treats spallation at high strain rates and negative pressures. The model consistently describes the hydrodynamic motion of a two-temperature plasma and accounts for laser energy absorption, electron-phonon/ions coupling and electron heat conductivity. In particular, phase transitions are accurately taken into account by means of a wide-range two-temperature multi-phase equation of state in a tabular form. The dynamics of the phase transitions and the evolution of the heat-affected zone are modeled and analyzed. We have found that a careful treatment of the transport coefficients, as well as consideration of phase transitions is of a great importance in obtaining reliable numerical results. Calculation results are furthermore compared for two metals with different electron-phonon coupling parameters (Au and Al). We have found that the main part of ablated material results from fragmentation of melted phase caused by tensile stresses. A homogeneous nucleation mechanism alone does not explain experimentally observed ablation depth.