Conversion of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes into saturated esters: an Umpolung reaction catalyzed by nucleophilic carbenes

N-Heterocyclic carbenes derived from benzimidazolium salts are effective catalysts for generating homoenolate species from alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. These nucleophilic intermediates can be protonated, and the resulting activated carbonyl unit is trapped with an alcohol nucleophile, thereby promoting a highly efficient conversion of an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde into a saturated ester. A kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols can be achieved using chiral imidazoylidene catalysts. reaction: see text]