典型人物和典型环境的关系—— 基于文论史和文学创作的思考

恩格斯所说的“典型环境中的典型人物”，其核心在于典型人物与典型环境的关系。对典型环境的关注，显示了恩格斯对文学现实性品格和历史性品格的要求。恩格斯的观点是对巴尔扎克和别林斯基观点的改写，将典型由注重人物性格转移到性格特征和社会本质并重。后人的解释往往强化了典型的社会本质，甚至背离了恩格斯的原意，但这些解释和误读也深化了人们对典型人物与典型环境之间关系的认识，促进了对此论断的进一步思考。如果将典型环境看作文本内人物活动的环境，典型人物和典型环境的关系会获得更强的理论生命力。

Reflections on the Relationship between Typical Character and Typical Environment

The core of Engels’ “typical character in typical environment” lies in the relationship between typical character and typical environment. The attention to the typical environment shows Engels’ requirement of realistic character and historical character of literature. Engels’ viewpoint is to rewrite the viewpoint of Balzac and Belinsky and Engels advocates that the typical mode will be transferred from the character to personality characteristics and social essence. The explanations of posterity often strengthens the typical social essence, deviating from Engels’ original intention. But these explanations deepen people’s understanding of the relationship between typical character and typical environment. If the typical environment is regarded as the environment of the characters’ activity in the text, the relationship between the typical character and the typical environment will get stronger theoretical vitality