聚合物纳米粒子的结构和性能对胞吞和细胞功能的影响

随着纳米医学的发展，越来越多的聚合物纳米粒子被用作荧光探针和药物或基因的载体，在生物分析、检测以及药物传输和基因治疗等领域得到应用。细胞的胞吞是细胞将细胞外基质、病毒、微组织或纳米粒子运送到细胞内部的一个重要生理过程。研究细胞对纳米粒子的胞吞，有助于从细胞层次上理解生命现象，掌握细胞内治疗的机理。本文综述了近几年来细胞和聚合物纳米粒子之间相互作用的最新研究结果。首先介绍了用于胞吞研究的常用聚合物纳米粒子体系及其功能化方法，尤其是荧光探针的复合与表面修饰。进而介绍了细胞和聚合物纳米粒子之间相互作用的基本过程，包括聚合物纳米粒子在细胞转运过程中的驱动力、细胞内转运过程、在细胞中的分布及其细胞毒性。对影响聚合物纳米微粒胞吞的因素如纳米粒子浓度、共培养时间、纳米粒子性能（形状、粒径、电荷和PEG修饰）、细胞类型和培养条件等进行了总结。最后重点介绍了用于受体介导细胞胞吞的聚合物纳米粒子体系，指出了目前研究工作中的不足及未来发展方向。

Influence of Structures and Properties of Polymer Nanoparticles on Their Cellular Uptake and Cell Functions

The development of biotechnology and bioscience has produced various polymeric nanoparticles, which are of both significance in basic researches and practical applications. Particularly, in the field of nanomedicine and bioanalysis, the nanoparticles can be used as carriers for drugs and bioactive molecules such as cell growth factors and functional genes as well fluorescent markers. Endocytosis is one of the fundamental processes for the cellular events, in which the cells import selected extracellular molecules, viruses, microorganisms and nano particles into their interiors. In this article the recent progress on endocytosis of the polymeric nanoparticles into cells is reviewed. It starts with the introduction of polymeric nanoparticles which are most frequently used in the cellular uptake study and their functionalization by incorporating fluorescent probes and surface modification. Then the basic cellular uptake process of the polymeric nanoparticles such as the driving forces, intracellular transportation and distribution, and cytotoxicity is described. Furthermore, the factors controlling the cellular uptake such as the concentration and properties (shape, size, charge and PEGylation) of the polymeric nanoparticles, coculture time and conditions, and cell type are summarized. Finally, the receptor-mediated cellular uptake of the polymeric nanoparticles is specifically introduced, and the perspectives of the cellular uptake study of the polymeric nanoparticles are suggested.Contents
1 Introduction
2 Polymeric nanoparticles and their functionalization
2.1 Combination with fluorescent probes
2.2 Surface modification
3 Interaction between polymeric nanoparticles and cells
3.1 Uptake forces of polymeric nanoparticles into cells
3.2 Process of cellular uptake of polymeric nanoparticles
3.3 Intracellular distribution of polymeric nanoparticles
3.4 Cell toxicity of polymeric nanoparticles
4 Factors controlling cellular uptake
4.1 Influence of concentration of nanoparticles
4.2 Influence of coculture time of nanoparticles and cells
4.3 Influence of properties of nanoparticles
4.4 Influence of cell types
4.5 Influence of culture environments
5 Polymeric nanoparticles for ligand-mediated cellular uptake
6 Conclusion and perspectives