On theC p toC v conversion of solid linear macromolecules II |
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Authors: | Pan R Nair Manika Varma Wunderlich B |
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Institution: | (1) Chemistry Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 37996-1600 Tennessee;(2) Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 12180 Troy, New York, USA |
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Abstract: | A modification is proposed for the Nernst-Lindemann equation that is used to convert calculated heat capacities at constant pressure (C
p
) to heat capacities at constant volume (C
v
) for solid, linear macromolecules. the constant A0 per mole of repeating unit in this equation is derived by taking into account the variable number of vibrators excited at different temperatures. With the new equation it is possible to calculateC
p
for solid polymers over a wider temperature range. The constant is calculated for solid polymers from experimental thermal expansivity, isothermal compressibility and heat capacity data obtained from the literature. An average value of (3.9±2.4)×10–3(K mol)/J was obtained for A0 (new) from data on 22 solid polymers. This average value may be used as a universal constant in case no experimental data on compressibility and expansivity are available for computation ofA
0. The remaining variation of A0 (new) with temperature is discussed and example calculations are shown for polyethylene. Effects of premelting and possibly large-amplitude motion are discovered for polyethylene in the temperature range 290 to 410 K.
Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Abänderung der Nernst-Lindemann Gleichung vorgeschlagen, mit deren Hilfe für feste, lineare Makromoleküle errechnete Wärmekapazitäten bei konstantem Druck (C
p
) in Wärmekapazitäten bei konstantem Volumen (C
p
) umgerechnet werden können. Zur Ableitung der molaren Konstanten A0 in dem sich wiederholenden Teil der Gleichung wurde die variable Anzahl der erregten Schwinger bei verschiedenen Temperaturen berücksichtigt. Mit der neuen Gleichung wird es möglich, dieC
p
fester Polymere für einen breiten Temperaturbereich zu errechnen. Die Konstante wurde für die festen Polymere auf Grund des ermittelten thermischen Ausdehnungsvermögens und der isothermen Kompressibilität sowie der der Literatur entnommenen Wärmekapazitätsangaben berechnet. Aus Angaben von 22 festen Polymeren wurde für A0(neu) ein Durchschnittswert von (3,9±2,4)×10–3 (K mol)/J erhalten. Verfügt man zur Berechnung von A0 über keine experimentellen Werte für Kompressibilität und Ausdehnungsvermögen, so kann dieser durchscnittswert als universale Konstante angewendet werden. Die verbleibende Temperaturabhängigkeit von A0(neu) wird besprochen und Beispielrechnungen für Polyäthylen gegeben. Für Polyäthylen wurden im Temperaturbereich 290 bis 410 K Effekte durch Vorschmelzen und Bewegungen mit großer Amplitude festgestellt.
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p
![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) . ![Kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1050.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) A
0 ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1101.gif) ![fcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1092.gif) ![fcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1092.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tscy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1078.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![Icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) 22 ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![bcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) A
0 (![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) (3,9±2,4)· 10–3 ·![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) /![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) . ![Tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1058.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![bcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) A
0 ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1101.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1078.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1054.gif) ![bcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) A
0 ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) . ![Dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1044.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) 290–410 ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1101.gif) ![fcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1092.gif) ![fcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1084.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) ![acy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1091.gif) ![dcy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/j60g72304tu7383u/xxlarge1086.gif) .
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本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
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