The use of stable isotopes to evaluate water mixing and water use by flood plain trees along the Garonne valley

Before the confluence of the Tarn, the Garonne valley was the driest area in the entire south-west of France, due to the relatively low rainfall and low summer discharge of the Garonne River and its tributaries. The natural abundance of the stable isotope of oxygen (¹⁸O) and ionic charge of surface and ground water were used to estimate the water source for the Garonne River and phreatic subsurface water. We also measured these constituents in the sap of trees at several flood plain sites to better understand the source of water used by these trees. ¹⁸O signatures and conductivity in the Garonne River indicated that the predominance of water was from high altitude surface runoff from the Pyrenees Mountains. Tributary inputs had little effect on isotopic identity, but had a small effect on the conductivity. The isotopic signature and ionic conductivity of river water (δ¹⁸O: ?9.1‰ to ?9.0‰, conductivity: 217–410?µS/cm) was distinctly different from groundwater (δ¹⁸O: ?7.1‰ to ?6.6‰, conductivity: 600–900?µS/cm). Isotopic signatures from the sap of trees on the flood plain showed that the water source was shallow subsurface water (<30?cm), whereas trees further from the river relied on deeper ground water (>1?m). Trees at both locations maintained sap with ionic charges much greater (2.3–3.7×) than that of source water. The combined use of ¹⁸O signatures and ionic conductivity appears to be a potent tool to determine water sources on geographic scales, and source and use patterns by trees at the local forest scale. These analyses also show promise for better understanding of the effects of anthropogenic land-use and water-use changes on flood plain forest dynamics.