Ground-based skidder traffic changes chemical soil properties in a mountainous Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest in Iran |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran;2. School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;1. Tropical Forestry Department, National Institute for Amazonian Research An. André Araújo, 2.936 Petrópolis, 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil;2. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Presidente Tancredo Neves Avenue, 2501 Terra Firme, 6607-830, Belem, PA, Brazil;1. Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK, 8830 Tjele, Denmark;2. Ghent University, Department of Environment, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;1. Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Forestry, 18200, Çankırı, Turkey;2. Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, 34473, Bahçeköy, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey;1. CNR IVALSA, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;2. Operational Development - Forestry Operations, Fibria Rod Gen Euryale de Jesus Zerbine, km84, Jacareí, SP, Brazil;1. Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;2. Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Increased soil compaction following harvest traffic is an inroad for adverse changes in soil biological properties and processes, soil microbial activity, bacterial communities, and growth and development of plant roots. This study investigated the impacts of three levels of traffic intensity (3–6, 7–14, and 15+ passes) of a Timberjack 450C skidder on changes in several chemical soil properties at two levels of skid trail slope gradients (gentle =<20% and steep >20% inclination) in the Hyrcanian forest. Skidding increased soil bulk density between 19% and 39% and, averaged over both slope gradients, reduced amounts of soil organic carbon (33–67%), concentrations of nitrogen (51–80%), phosphorous (0–17%), potassium (11–36%), and hydrogen ions (78–98%) compared to undisturbed areas. Most soil damage occurred after a few skidder passes, particularly on steep slopes that generally experienced the highest level of soil deterioration. The primary mechanism that induced immediate chemical soil changes was an uplift and exposure of deeper soil layers in response to compression and displacement of the former soil surface. Skidding can jeopardize the sustainability of forest ecosystems by creating unfavorable changes in soil characteristics and nutrient status. |
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| Keywords: | Ground-based operations Skidding Soil disturbance Timberjack 450C skidder Hyrcanian forest |
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