Metallurgical and chemical characterization of copper alloy reference materials within laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Method development for minimally-invasive analysis of ancient bronze objects |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Cultural Heritage Technology (CCHT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via della Libertà 12, 30175, Marghera (Venice), Italy;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy;3. Parco Archeologico del Colosseo, Piazza di S. Maria Nova 53, Rome, Italy;1. CNR-ISMAR, Genoa Branch, via De Marini 6, Genova 16149, Italy;2. CNR-ICVBC, Florence Branch, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy;3. Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Via Alfani, 78, Firenze 50121, Italy;4. CNR-ICVBC, Milan branch, Via Cozzi 53, Milano 20125, Italy;1. Research Center for Ore Deposits of Eastern Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran;2. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, CB-399, Boulder, CO 80309-399, USA;1. Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA |
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| Abstract: | The chemical composition of ancient metal objects provides important information for manufacturing studies and authenticity verification of ancient copper or bronze artifacts. Non- or minimal-destructive analytical methods are preferred to mitigate visible damage. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) enables the determination of major elements as well as impurities down to lower ppm-levels, however, accuracy and precision of analysis strongly depend on the homogeneity of reference materials used for calibration. Moreover, appropriate analytical procedures are required e.g. in terms of ablation strategies (scan mode, spot size, etc.). This study reviews available copper alloy (certified) reference materials — (C)RMs from different sources and contributes new metallurgical data on homogeneity and spatial elemental distribution. Investigations of the standards were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) for the following copper alloy and bronze (certified) reference materials: NIST 454, BAM 374, BAM 211, BAM 227, BAM 374, BAM 378, BAS 50.01-2, BAS 50.03-4, and BAS 50.04-4. Additionally, the influence of inhomogeneities on different ablation and calibration strategies is evaluated to define an optimum analytical strategy in terms of line scan versus single spot ablation, variation of spot size, selection of the most appropriate RMs or minimum number of calibration reference materials. |
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