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Enumeration of pairs of permutations
Authors:L. Carlitz  Richard Scoville  Theresa Vaughan
Affiliation:Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, N.Car. 27706, USA
Abstract:Let π = (a1, a2, …, an), ? = (b1, b2, …, bn) be two permutations of Zn = {1, 2, …, n}. A rise of π is pair ai, ai+1 with ai < ai+1; a fall is a pair ai, ai+1 with ai > ai+1. Thus, for i = 1, 2, …, n ? 1, the two pairs ai, ai+1; bi, bi+1 are either both rises, both falls, the first a rise and the second a fall or the first a fall and the second a rise. These possibilities are denoted by RR, FF, RF, FR. The paper is concerned with the enumeration of pairs π, p with a given number of RR, FF, RF, FR. In particular if ωn denotes the number of pairs with RR forbidden, it is proved that 0ωnznn!n! = 1?(z), ?(z) = ∑0(-1) nznn!n!. More precisely if ω(n, k) denotes the number of pairs π, p with exactly k occurences of RR(or FF, RF, FR) then 1 + ∑n=1znn!n!n?1k=0 ω(n, k)xk = (1 ? x)(?(z(1 ? x)) ? x).
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