Biological monitoring of solar UV radiation at 17 sites in Asia, Europe and South America from 1999 to 2004 |
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| Authors: | Munakata Nobuo Cornain Santoso Kanoko Mpu Mulyadi Ketut Lestari Sri Wirohadidjojo Widodo Bolseé David Kazadzis Stelios Meyer-Rochow Victor Schuch Nelson Casiccia Claudio Kaneko Motohisa Liu Chung-Ming Jimbow Kowichi Saida Toshiaki Nishigori Chikako Ogata Katsumi Inafuku Kazuhiro Hieda Kotaro Ichihashi Masamitsu |
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| Institution: | Biophysics Laboratory and Frontier Project "Life's Adaptation Strategies to Environmental Changes," Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan;Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia;Department of Anatomic Pathology, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia;Dermatology and Venereology Department, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia;Department of Dermatology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia;Belgian Institute of Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium;Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland;School of Engineering and Science, IUB, Bremen, Germany;Southern Regional Space Research Centre (CRSPE/INPE-MCT), Santa Maria, Brazil;Ozone and UV Radiation Laboratory, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile;Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan;Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, China;Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan;Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan;Department of Dermatology, Miyazaki University, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan;Division of Dermatology, Department of Organ Oriented Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan |
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| Abstract: | A small and robust dosimeter for determining the biologically effective dose of ambient UV radiation has been developed using UV-sensitive mutant spores of Bacillus subtilis strain TKJ6312. A membrane filter with four spots of the spores was snapped to a slide mount. The slide was wrapped and covered with two or more layers of polyethylene sheet to protect the sample from rain and snow and to reduce monthly-cumulative doses within the measurable range. From 1999, monthly data were collected at 17 sites for more than 1 year, and data for 4 to 6 consecutive years were obtained from 12 sites. Yearly total values of the spore inactivation dose (SID) ranged from 3200 at subarctic Oulu to 96000 at tropical Denpasar, and the mean yearly values of SID exhibited an exponential dependence on latitude in both hemispheres with a doubling for about every 14 degrees of change. During the observation period, increasing trends of UV doses have been observed at all sites with more than 5 years of data available. Year-to-year variations at high and middle latitude sites are considered due mostly to climatic variation. At three tropical sites, negative correlations between the yearly doses and the column ozone amounts were observed. The results verified the applicability of spore dosimetry for global and long-time monitoring of solar UV radiation, in particular at tropical sites where no monitoring is taking place. |
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