Application of negligible and full depletion micro-extraction in environmental sciences |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;2. Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada;1. Faculty of Engineering, Computing, and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia;2. Swinburne Sarawak Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia;1. State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Industrial Wastewater Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China;2. School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China;1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;2. MOE Laborary for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;1. Green Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt;2. National Center for Radiation Research & Technology, Cairo, Egypt;3. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt |
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| Abstract: | Negligible depletion micro-extraction (nd-ME) and full depletion micro-extraction (fd-ME) have been developed for specific purposes in environmental studies. Nd-ME is mainly designed to measure the free concentration and therefore evaluate the bioavailability of analytes in environmental matrices, and achieved by using large ratio of sample to extraction phase or extraction phase with low distribution coefficients for analytes. On the contrary, fd-ME is adopted to avoid matrix effects by determining the total amount of the analyte in the samples, and performed by using very low ratio of sample to extraction phase or extraction phase with extremely large distribution coefficients for analytes. In this review article, we highlight the basic concepts and applications of nd-ME and fd-ME in environmental sciences. |
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| Keywords: | Micro-extraction Negligible depletion Full depletion Environmental pollutants Bioavailability Matrix effects |
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