Use of photoelectron laser phase determination method for attosecond measurements with quantum-mechanical calculations

This paper calculates quantum-mechanically the photoelectron energyspectra excited by attosecond x-rays in the presence of a few-cyclelaser. A photoelectron laser phase determination method is used forprecise measurements of the pulse natural properties of x-rayintensity and the instantaneous frequency profiles. As a directprocedure without any previous pulse profile assumptions andtime-resolved measurements as well as data fitting analysis, thismethod can be used to improve the time resolutions of attosecondtiming and measurements with metrological precision. The measurementrange is half of a laser optical cycle.