Wettability regulated gram-negative bacterial adhesion on biomimetic hierarchical structures

One of the critical issues in gram-negative bacterial adhesion is how wettability regulates adhesion as the surface wettability varies from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic,and what is the relevant/contributing role of the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)outer layer of the gram-negative shell during this procedure.Herein,by avoiding the unexpected influence induced by the varied topographies,control over gram-negative bacteria adhesion by wettability is achieved on biomimetic hierarchical surfaces, which is mainly mediated by LPS layer.The study provides a methodology to have a good control over bacteria cell adhesion by properly designing wettable surface structures.This design concept is helpful for developing new generations of biomaterials in order to control a variety of diseases induced by gram-negative bacteria,which still continue to be very important and necessary in the fields of biomedicine.