NMR imaging of flow in hollow fiber hemodialyzers |
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| Institution: | 1. Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie und Zentrum für Magnetische Resonanz, MARC RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany;2. Akzo Nobel Central Research, D-63784 Obernburg, Germany;2. School of Science, Engineering and Design, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom;1. Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 41, Athens, Greece;2. Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Petroleum and Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology, 654 04, St. Lucas, Cavala, Greece;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Khalifa University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;4. Center for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;1. Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada |
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| Abstract: | In this paper, we report the use of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) imaging for the investigation of flow profiles and flow-velocity distributions in hemodialyzers containing hollow-fiber membranes. For this purpose, we calculated a velocity-encoding and velocity-compensated spin echo NMR imaging sequence. The performance of the sequence was tested on a simple flow phantom and the results were compared with simulated data showing good agreement regarding the geometry of the velocity profiles as well as the maximum flow velocities. Two different small-scale model hemodialyzers were investigated by means of NMR imaging to gather information about flow-velocity distributions in the two compartments of hemodialyzers. The results show that the incorporation of textile fibers as spacer yarn in one of these model hemodialyzers strongly narrowed the flow-velocity distribution in the dialysate compartment. Additionally, the spatial flow-velocity distribution was measured in a clinical-scale hemodialyzer to compare the results from model and clinical systems. Flow velocities were measured in the potting region of one of the model hemodialyzers and at a short distance downstream in the dialysate compartment. It was shown that swelling of the membranes in the potting region leads to higher flow velocities of the inner membrane flow. |
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