Elucidating the identity of Anisakis larvae from a broad range of marine fishes from the Yellow Sea,China, using a combined electrophoretic‐sequencing approach

Larval nematodes were collected from marine fishes from the Yellow Sea, China. Specimens (n=1731) of Anisakis type I from 311 fishes (representing 40 species) were each identified based on morphological characters. From the genomic DNA from individual specimens, a region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was amplified by PCR, followed by digestion with restriction endonuclease HinfI, TaqI or HhaI. Subsequently, the ITS‐1 and ITS‐2 regions of selected samples were sequenced. The results revealed three species of Anisakis, namely Anisakis pegreffii (n=1709), A. typica (n=3) and a genotype (n=19) proposed, also based on comparison with previous studies, to be a “hybrid” between A. pegreffii and A. simplex sensu stricto. Thus, A. pegreffii was the dominant species, accounting for 98.7% of the total number of specimens examined herein. This is the first report of A. typica and the “hybrid” genotype from fishes from the Yellow Sea. This study provides important basic information on Anisakis in this region and suggests that the genus Anisakis has substantial host and geographical distributions.     

Diversity of Ligularia kanaitzensis in sesquiterpenoid composition and neutral DNA sequences

Twenty-six eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids, including six new compounds, were isolated from the title species. One of the new compounds, kanaitzensol, suggested the presence of an enzyme for the conversion of eremophil-7(11)-en-8-one derivative to furanoeremophilanes. The plant was collected at 15 locations in Yunnan Province of China and found to be diverse with respect to its sesquiterpenoid composition. DNA sequencing also revealed a large intraspecific diversity of the plant.     

粉褶菌属一中国新记录种——棱柱孢粉褶菌

在形态学研究、分子系统发育分析的基础上，报道了粉褶菌属一中国新记录种——棱柱孢粉褶菌Entoloma prismaticum.该种的主要特征是子实体半地下生，腹菌化，近球形至不规则形，有较大的刺鼻性气味，包被黄褐色至红棕色，担孢子淡黄至淡粉色，五角，棱柱形，大小为10.6 μm × 9.7 μm.该新记录种的发现，既有助于深入探究粉褶菌属系统分类与演化，也丰富了我国大型真菌的物种多样性.凭证标本存放于汉江师范学院真菌标本室(HMHNU).     

核糖体DNA内转录间隔区序列标记在寄生虫学中的应用

目的：介绍核糖体DNA（rDNA）的内转录间隔区（ITS）序列的结构特征和在寄生虫学研究应用中的最新研究进展。方法：检索有关文献进行综合分析。结果：rDNA ITS1和ITS2序列为寄生虫的鉴定提供了非常有价值的遗传标记。结论：核糖体DNA上的ITS域序列的进化速度较其它区域快,具有高变异性,可以从中获得大量的遗传信息,已成为在种和亚种水平上对寄生虫进行分类鉴定的有效手段。     

利用ITS序列对两个盐藻株的分子鉴定

对实验室长期保存的两个盐藻株(Dunaliella salina)核糖体rDNA的ITS(internal transcribed space)序列(ITS1 5.8S rDNA ITS2)用PCR技术扩增并克隆,经序列测定后,与从GenBank中获得的相关序列一起构建系统发育树.结果显示:其中一个(Dunaliella salinaSHU 01)与Dunaliella viridisCONC 002的距离最近,另一个(Dunaliella salinaSHU02)与Dunaliella salinaUTEX 1644的距离最近.因此分别命名为Dunaliella viridisSHU与Dunaliella salinaSHU.     

光柄筒冠花核糖体DNA ITS区序列

测定中国特有植物光西风筒化的ＩＴＳ区序列,分析了其结构特征,Ｇ＋Ｃ百分含质量及序列变异性,并比较了光西风筒冠花与其他被子植物的ＩＴＳ区序列特征。光柄筒冠花的ＩＴＳ区和５．８Ｓ ＤＮＡ的总长度为６０９个核苷酸。其中ＩＴＳ－１为２０７ｂｐ,ＩＴＳ－２为２３６ｂｐ,５．８ＳｒＤＮＡ为１６６ｂｐ;总的ω（Ｇ＋Ｃ）为５９．１１％,其中ＩＴＳ－１为６４．２５％,ＩＴＳ－２为５７．６３％和５．８ＳｒＤＮＡ为５３     

象山港黄墩支港菲律宾蛤仔种群COI和ITS1基因序列特征及遗传多样性分析

为了解象山港黄墩支港菲律宾蛤仔种质资源的遗传多样性现状, 采用COI和ITS1分子标记对该种群进行了基因序列特征和遗传多样性分析. 结果表明 在该种群30个个体中扩增得到的COI基因序列长度均为709bp, ITS1序列长度范围在693~729bp(共有746个位点). COI基因序列的位点中有670个保守位点(占94.50%)、39个变异位点(占5.50%); ITS1序列的位点中有保守位点671个(占89.95%)、变异位点62个(占8.31%)和缺失/插入位点13个(占1.74%). COI基因序列的保守性高于ITS1序列. 在COI基因序列中碱基(A+T)的占比(65.84%)高于(C+G), 而ITS1序列中则是碱基(A+T)占比(37.59%)低于(C+G). COI和ITS1序列的遗传距离分析均显示群体内遗传分化不明显. 基于COI基因序列和ITS1序列构建的遗传进化树显示 各科贝类分别相聚, 象山港菲律宾蛤仔位于帘蛤科的分支中, 其COI序列与杂色蛤进化关系最近. 遗传进化树中各种贝类的聚类关系与传统分类学结果相一致, 可作为分类的参考. COI和ITS1序列的平均核苷酸差异数分别为5.497和6.549, 核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.00775和0.00973, 单倍型数目分别为21和28, 单倍型多样性分别为0.963和0.993, 根据COI和ITS1两个序列计算得到的菲律宾蛤仔象山港群体单倍型多样性均大于0.5, 核苷酸多样性指数均大于0.005, 表明该种群遗传多样性丰富, 并处于稳定状态. 本研究结果补充了菲律宾蛤仔遗传多样性方面的研究资料, 并可为象山港菲律宾蛤仔种质资源保护和遗传育种提供理论基础.     

High-throughput capillary electrophoresis for the identification and differentiation of seven species of Eimeria from chickens

A capillary electrophoretic approach has been evaluated for the identification of seven currently recognised species of Eimeria infecting chickens. The second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA is PCR-amplified from any of the seven species using a single set of oligonucleotide primers (one of which is fluorescently labelled). The amplicons are heat-denatured and subjected to capillary electrophoresis in a MegaBACE 1000 (Amersham). The chromatograms captured are stored electronically and then analysed using MegaBACE Fragment Profiler software. Using control DNA samples representing monospecific lines of Eimeria, specific peaks in the chromatograms were defined for the unequivocal identification of each of the seven species and their differentiation. Electrophoretic reading and analysis are carried out automatically, thus making it a time- and cost-effective method. This procedure should find applicability as a tool for the quality control of Eimeria vaccines, the monitoring of coccidiosis outbreaks and the high-throughput analysis of oocyst samples for epidemiological surveys.     

A practical and cost-effective mutation scanning-based approach for investigating genetic variation in Cryptosporidium

In the present study, we used a mutation scanning-targeted sequencing approach to assess variation in part (pgp60) of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene among Cryptosporidium samples from humans in Victoria, Australia. Two nuclear ribosomal loci (the small subunit rRNA gene and the second internal transcribed spacer) were used to identify the samples as Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 74), Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 23) or Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 1). In total, nine distinct pgp60 sequences were identified (three C. hominis, five C. parvum and one C. meleagridis). Phylogenetic analyses of the pgp60 sequence data, employing well-defined reference sequences for comparison, allowed the genotypic and subgenotypic classification of samples. The C. hominis samples were classified as Ib A10G2R2, Id A15G1R2, and a new genotype, designated Ib2, was identified subgenotypically as A18G1R4. The C. parvum samples were classified as IIa A18G3R1, IIa A20G3R1, IIa A22G3R1, IIa A23G3R1 and IIc A5G3R2. These findings suggested that the C. hominis metapopulation is largely homogeneous, consisting of a single dominant genotype, Ib A10G2R2, whereas the C. parvum metapopulation is considerably more heterogeneous, with no single dominant genotype. The greater level of genetic heterogeneity found among the C. parvum samples, despite the smaller sample size, may relate to the zoonotic infection pattern of this species, which would be reflective of a greater number of possible infection sources. The present mutation scanning approach, coupled with targeted sequencing of genetically distinct representatives, is a practical, cost-effective tool for large-scale population genetic and epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium and other eukaryotic organisms.     

新疆羊肚菌rDNA的ITS序列分析

根据生境和形态学特征与大型真菌图鉴对照,从形体上挑选了4个羊肚菌子实体（其中3个来自哈密巴里坤,1个来自乌鲁木齐南山）,同时从四川绵阳某研究所购得一株高羊肚菌菌种做为实验阳性对照,为了确定收集的羊肚菌分类学地位,采用PCR技术,以rDNA—ITS为分子指标,对子实体和菌丝进行了ITS序列测定与分析,结合系统进化树确定品种归属。