Preparation and evaluation of uniform-sized molecularly imprinted polymer beads used for the separation of sulfamethazine

Uniform-sized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) beads were prepared using a one-step swelling and polymerization method. The obtained sulfamethazine (SMZ)-imprinted polymer showed high affinity and selectivity toward SMZ and other structurally related sulfonamides in acetonitrile or water-acetonitrile mobile phases, particularly in high aqueous systems. The column performance of the MIPs for SMZ and its analogues could be improved by elevating the column temperature and optimizing the flow rate. The hydrogen-bonding effect plays a significant role in the recognition process of SMZ-imprinted polymer systems in organic media, while the ion-exchange effect, as well as hydrophobic effect, dominates the retention mechanism in aqueous-rich media, in addition to shape recognition.     

An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

The widespread occurrence of antibiotics as contaminants in the aquatic environment has increased attention in the last years. The concern over the release of antibiotics into the environment is related primarily to the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. This article presents an overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of quinolone (Qs) and fluoroquinolone (FQs), macrolide (MLs), tetracycline (TCs), sulfonamide (SAs) antibiotics and trimethoprim (TMP) in different environmental waters. The analysis of these antibiotics has usually been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and to a lesser extent by ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (FD). A very important step before LC analysis is sample preparation and extraction leading to elimination of interferences and prevention of matrix effect and preconcentration of target analytes.     

HPLC柱效对检测水中磺胺二甲基嘧啶色谱条件的影响

研究色谱柱的柱效降低后对高效液相色谱测定水中磺胺二甲基嘧啶色谱条件的影响。比较了新旧色谱柱的分离效果、色谱峰的对称性和峰面积,结果表明,旧色谱柱的柱效降低,对目标物的分离效果变差,目标物的吸收峰面积变小,峰形不对称。对色谱条件进行了优化试验,结果表明,对流动相水相添加0.125%的冰乙酸调节p H值为4.5后色谱峰的峰形对称性和分离效果得到改善。     

ESR response of gamma-irradiated sulfamethazine

In the present work, characteristic features of the radiolytical intermediates produced in gamma-irradiated solid sulfamethazine (SMH) were investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The heights of the resonance peaks, measured with respect to the spectrum baseline, were used to monitor microwave saturation, temperature and time-dependent kinetic features of the radical species contributing to the formation of recorded experimental ESR spectra. Three species having different spectroscopic and kinetic features were observed to be produced in gamma-irradiated SMH. SO₂, which is the most sensitive group of radiation in the SMH molecule, was found to be at the origin of radiation-produced ionic radical species. Based on the experimental results derived from the present study, the applicability of ESR spectroscopy to radiosterilization of SMH was discussed. In the dose range of interest (0.5–10 kGy), the radiation yield of solid SMH was calculated to be very low (G=0.45) compared with those obtained for sulfonamide aqueous solutions (G=3.5–5.1). Based on these findings, it was concluded that SMH and SMH-containing drugs could be safely sterilized by gamma radiation and that ESR spectroscopy could be successfully used as a potential technique for monitoring their radiosterilization.     

Aqueous chlorination of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxypyridazine: Kinetics and transformation products identification

Sulfonamides (SNs) are synthetic antimicrobial agents. These substances are continually introduced into the environment, and they may spread and maintain bacterial resistance in the different compartments. The chlorination of 2 SNs, namely, sulfamethazine (SMT) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP), was investigated to study their reactivity with chlorine at typical concentrations for water treatment conditions. Experiments conducted in purified water show an acceleration of SMT and SMP degradation of a factor 1.5 by comparison to drinking water matrix. This difference is due to pH variation and competitive reactions between SNs and mineral and organic compounds, with chlorine in drinking water. In the presence of an excess of chlorine (6.7 μmol·L⁻¹) in ultrapure water at pH 7.2, second‐order degradation rate constants were equal to 4.5 × 10²M⁻¹·s⁻¹ and 5.2 × 10²M⁻¹·s⁻¹ for SMT and SMP, respectively. The structures of transformation products were investigated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses with equimolar concentrations between chlorine and SNs. SO₂ elimination, cyclization, and electrophilic substitutions were the main pathways of by‐products formation. Moreover, the toxicity of the proposed structures was predicted by using toxicity estimation software tool program. The results indicated that most by‐products may present developmental toxicity.     

磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺二甲基嘧啶单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

 为建立磺胺类药物残留的免疫化学分析方法,利用磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)分子结构中的芳香氨基,采用重氮反应和戊二醛法将其与载体蛋白(牛血清白蛋白和鸡卵清蛋白)交联制备抗原,最终获得5株抗SM和18株抗SM2杂交瘤细胞株.对杂交瘤细胞株的核型、抗体的亚类和轻链型、抗体的异相包被ELISA反应性以及抗体的竞争反应性和交叉反应性进行了分析和评价.其中SM抗体11C8结合SM的竞争抑制质量浓度IC50为14.1μg/L,与类似物SD的交叉反应性接近20%,但与其他类似物低于10%.SM2抗体中的6株抗体的竞争抑制质量浓度IC50在38.8~70.0μg/L范围内,2B7,4D5,13C9,14C5和16C2抗体与类似物SM的交叉反应性达到73.5%~132.9%,而15D10抗体与SM的交叉反应性低于5%.因此,本研究所获得的磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺二甲基嘧啶抗体,可用于SM和SM2残留的免疫分析方法研究和应用.     

Use of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry for the characterization of transformation products of the antibiotic sulfamethazine upon photocatalysis with Pd‐doped ceria‐ZnO nanocomposite

The photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic sulfamethazine under excitation at 365 nm of Pd‐doped ceria‐ZnO nanocomposite, titanium dioxide and iron(III) aqua complex was deeply studied from the analytical point of view. It reveals the formation of nine degradation products that were detected in their protonated forms using LC/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight MS in the positive mode. Their formation involves the hydroxyl radical, and their concentrations increased with irradiation time. Collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry associated with the accurate mass measurements was efficiently used for the elucidation of their chemical structures. None of these identified degradation products has been already reported in the literature. Three by‐products result from the hydroxylation at the pyrimidine moiety as well as at the aromatic part, two of them arise from the scission of the pyrimidine group, and finally, three of them come from the scission of the sulfamide bridge. This points the evidence of studying the fate of these degradation products if their toxicity is demonstrated because they are clearly the result of the reaction of hydroxyl radical with the antibiotic sulfamethazine. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS法鉴定兽药磺胺二甲嘧啶在小鼠血液和尿液中的代谢产物

本研究采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS联用技术鉴定了兽药磺胺二甲嘧啶在小鼠血浆和尿液样品中的代谢产物。并运用Q-TOF质谱仪进行MS和MS/MS精确质量数的测定,得到磺胺二甲嘧啶和各个代谢产物的准确分子质量和化学组成。依据精确质量数据,结合Metabolynx XS辅助软件鉴定兽药磺胺二甲嘧啶在ESI源正离子模式下的代谢产物。研究结果表明,磺胺二甲嘧啶在小鼠的血样和尿样中主要的目标代谢途径为乙酰化反应,非目标代谢途径主要为甲基化和结合反应。     

Solubility of Sulfamethazine in the Binary Mixture of Acetonitrile + Methanol from 278.15 to 318.15 K: Measurement,Dissolution Thermodynamics,Preferential Solvation,and Correlation

Solubility of sulfamethazine (SMT) in acetonitrile (MeCN) + methanol (MeOH) cosolvents was determined at nine temperatures between 278.15 and 318.15 K. From the solubility data expressed in molar fraction, the thermodynamic functions of solution, transfer and mixing were calculated using the Gibbs and van ’t Hoff equations; on the other hand, the solubility data were modeled according to the Wilson models and NRTL. The solubility of SMT is thermo-dependent and is influenced by the solubility parameter of the cosolvent mixtures. In this case, the maximum solubility was achieved in the cosolvent mixture w0.40 at 318.15 K and the minimum in pure MeOH at 278.15 K. According to the thermodynamic functions, the SMT solution process is endothermic in addition to being favored by the entropic factor, and as for the preferential solvation parameter, SMT tends to be preferentially solvated by MeOH in all cosolvent systems; however, δx3,1<0.01, so the results are not conclusive. Finally, according to mean relative deviations (MRD%), the two models could be very useful tools for calculating the solubility of SMT in cosolvent mixtures and temperatures different from those reported in this research.     

荧光偏振免疫分析方法分析磺胺二甲基嘧啶

建立了检测磺胺二甲基嘧啶的荧光偏振免疫分析方法。合成了3种结构不同的荧光标记物,并用薄层色谱法提纯。研究了不同结构的荧光标记物对FPIA方法灵敏度的影响。该FPIA方法在缓冲液中的检出限为1.6μg/L,半数抑制量(IC50)为41μg/L,检测范围为5~458μg/L,可以达到食品中SMZ最低残留限量的要求。研究了FPIA的动力学过程及对其它16种磺胺类药物的交叉反应,结果显示,SMZ、磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺二甲基恶唑的交叉反应率分别为100%、8.7%和2.4%,其它磺胺类药物的交叉反应率均低于1%。