Diversification of shotgun process

Three protocols for shotgun process are put forth in which simultaneous multi-fold reactions occur exclusively to each other. The first one involves simple combination of selective and non-selective reactions. Even if the simple protocol fails to give rise to the high selectivity, satisfactory outcome can be achieved by kinetic control or adjustment of functional groups.     

Cyclic sample pooling using two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system enhances coverage in shotgun proteomics

We report a cyclic sample pooling technique devised in two‐dimensional liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS) shotgun proteomics that renders deeper proteome coverage; we combined low pH reversed‐phase (RP) LC in trifluoroacetic acid in the first dimension, followed by cyclic sample pooling of the eluate and low‐pH RP‐LC in formic acid in the second dimension. The new protocol has a significantly higher resolving power suitable for LC‐ESI‐MS/MS shotgun proteomics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用EM算法改进鸟枪法蛋白质鉴定中的无标记定量方法

蛋白质定量是探索疾病发生发展状况和寻找新药靶标的重要手段。在shotgun蛋白组学中,目前常用定量方法包括综合同位素标记后的质谱峰强度方法和无标记定量方法。根据数据类型无标记定量方法可以分为两类:基于鉴定蛋白的质谱数的方法和基于质谱峰强度的方法。本研究主要用EM算法改进基于鉴定蛋白质谱数的定量方法,并用免疫印迹实验获得的酵母全蛋白的丰度来验证EM算法改进后定量的有效性结果表明,改进后的质谱数和蛋白丰度的相关性比改进前有一定的提高。同时,利用这些数据对主要的几种基于鉴定蛋白的质谱数的模型进行了比较,发现PAI模型最好,SpS模型次之,emPAI模型最不适合于蛋白质定量。     

Shotgun reconstruction in the hypercube

Mossel and Ross raised the question of when a random coloring of a graph can be reconstructed from local information, namely, the colorings (with multiplicity) of balls of given radius. In this article, we are concerned with random 2-colorings of the vertices of the -dimensional hypercube, or equivalently random Boolean functions. In the worst case, balls of diameter are required to reconstruct. However, the situation for random colorings is dramatically different: we show that almost every 2-coloring can be reconstructed from the multiset of colorings of balls of radius 2. Furthermore, we show that for , almost every -coloring can be reconstructed from the multiset of colorings of 1-balls.     

Shotgun lipidomics on a LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer by successive switching between acquisition polarity modes

Top–down shotgun lipidomics relies on direct infusion of total lipid extracts into a high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometer and implies that individual lipids are recognized by their accurately determined m/z. Lipid ionization efficiency and detection specificity strongly depend on the acquisition polarity, and therefore it is beneficial to analyze lipid mixtures in both positive and negative modes. Hybrid LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometers are widely applied in top–down lipidomics; however, rapid polarity switching was previously unfeasible because of the severe and immediate degradation of mass accuracy. Here, we report on a method to rapidly acquire high‐resolution spectra in both polarity modes with sub‐ppm mass accuracy and demonstrate that it not only simplifies and accelerates shotgun lipidomics analyses but also improves the lipidome coverage because more lipid classes and more individual species within each class are recognized. In this way, shotgun analysis of total lipid extracts of human blood plasma enabled to quantify 222 species from 15 major lipid classes within 7 min acquisition cycle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

霰弹飞行速度的测量方法与结果分析

该文讨论测量全叫缩膛口射出霰弹飞行速度的两种方法，并对测量结果进行分析。一是借助高速摄影设备测量霰弹的膛口飞行速度，结果表明，其飞行速度平均为４８０ｍ／ｓ，弹子的纵向扩散速度平均为４７ｍ／ｓ，横向扩散速度平均为２９ｍ／ｓ；二是采用区截铝箔靶装置测量单个霰弹子飞行速度，结果表明，２０ｍ射距时平均为３６１ｍ／ｓ，３０ｍ射距时平均为３０７ｍ／ｓ，４０ｍ射距时平均为２５７ｍ／ｓ，因弹子穿过四层铝箔纸，其受     

霰弹膛口问题高速摄影实验研究

通过膛口高速摄影方法研究１２ 号口径７ 号半霰弹从全喉缩与无喉缩２ 种膛口射出后弹子及弹托的飞行状态,结果表明,霰弹的初速约为５００ ｍ／ｓ,弹子飞出膛口后,随着弹子飞离枪口距离的增大,弹子间逐渐散开,且沿飞行方向的散开程度远大于沿侧向的散开程度。对相同密度与质量的射弹,膛口锥度愈大,弹托对弹子散布的影响就愈大。