河道电磁波三角高程测量中大气折光系数的变化与分析

通过对滹沱河河道电磁波三角高程测量中K值(大气折光系数)变化的分析，总结出该地区K值的变化规律，并提出三角高程测量中应注意的问题。     

河流生态系统合理生态用水比例的确定

通过构建生态需水和生态用水比例模型，遵循生态需水比例和生态用水比例的相关关系，以生态需水比例为标准，确定生态用水比例，然后综合考虑社会经济用水的实际情况，确定适合当地水资源配置和社会经济发展水平的合理生态用水比例。以海河河流生态系统为例，视其河道内生态系统恢复到20世纪70年代初的水平为生态修复目标，计算河流系统生态需水，得到其生态需水的阈值区间为[16％～66％]。然后计算了1999—2002年海河实际生态用水比例，表明生态用水一直没有得到满足。最后通过与海河社会经济发展的协调，确定海河河流生态系统的合理生态用水比例应维持在(16％～46％)的阈值区间内。     

"行动者/结构"视野下的农民合作

农民合作既是一个经验性社会现象,也是一个理论问题.引入"行动者/结构"分析框架,将对农民合作问题的探讨置于新中国的治水实践中,通过在宏观结构中确定农民行动的方式来理解农民合作的机理.     

Development and validation of an analytical method for detection of estrogens in water

An analytical procedure enabling routine analysis of four environmental estrogens at concentrations below 1 ng L^–1 in estuarine water samples has been developed and validated. The method includes extraction of water samples using solid-phase extraction discs and detection by gas chromatography (GC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS) in electron-impact (EI) mode. The targeted estrogens included 17- and 17-estradiol (aE2, bE2), estrone (E1), and 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2), all known environmental endocrine disruptors. Method performance characteristics, for example trueness, recovery, calibration, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification (LOQ), and the stability of the compounds are presented for each of the selected estrogens. Application of the procedure to water samples from the Scheldt estuary (Belgium – The Netherlands), a polluted estuary with reported incidences of environmental endocrine disruption, revealed that E1 was detected most frequently at concentrations up to 7 ng L^–1. aE2 was detected once only and concentrations of bE2 and EE2 were below the LOQ.Presented at the 9th FECS Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, Bordeaux, France, 29 August–1 September 2004     

Method Development for the Speciation of Chromium in River and Industrial Wastewater Using GFAAS

A simple, sensitive and inexpensive method for the speciation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in river and industrial wastewater was developed, optimized and validated. Samples were collected, filtered and then chromium species were determined in the filtrate. In the filtrate, total Cr was determined directly by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS). A portion of the filtered sample was buffered to pH 6.4, extracted with Amberlite LA-2/MIBK and finally Cr(VI) was determined in the organic extract and Cr(III) in the aqueous phase using GFAAS. The method was evaluated by analysis of the certified reference material, CRM 544, and good accuracy was obtained. The limit of detection for Cr(VI) and Cr(tot)/Cr(III) was found to be 0.30 and 0.08 µg L⁻¹, respectively, and a precision expressed as relative standard deviation of better than 11% was achieved for nine replicates. A number of water samples from the Tinishu Akaki River, Ethiopia, and wastewater samples from a chemical plant in Germany, were analysed. In addition to the GFAAS method, Cr(tot) was also determined using ICP-MS (in CRM 544, lyophilized water, and Tinishu Akaki River water samples) and Cr(tot) and Cr(VI) using UV-VIS spectrophotometry (in CRM 544 and industrial wastewater samples). Good agreement between the different methods was found.     

水库二维水流泥沙数学模型及应用

建立水库坝区平面二维水流泥沙数学模型,考虑了悬移质非均匀,非饱和输沙特性,采用正交曲线坐标拟合复杂边界、ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ程式离散求解及动边界技术。用该模型对白沙水库流场和河床变形进行了数值验证,计算了典型年条件下,水库取水口附近流场和河床局部形态。结果表明,坝前取水口漏斗基本保持稳定状态。     

大型河工模型智能化采集与控制系统

介绍了大型河工物理模型智能化采集与控制系统的开发要点,包括系统的功能、硬件设计、系统的采集与控制、软件设计以及开发工具等。运行情况证明,该系统在大型河工物理模型中应用具有可靠、高效、操作方便等特点。     

巢湖主要入湖河道磷的污染现状

为了解巢湖主要入湖河道中总磷的污染状况,进行了为期三年每月一次的污染调查,十五里河、南淝河、双桥河,污染较重,超出了(GH281-1999)《地表水环境质量标准》的V娄标准。污染主要来自工业废水、生活污水、和农业面源。认为只有开展农业面源污染治理,城市环境综合整治,城市环境综合整治,加强和削减农业化肥的使用量,使得入湖河道水质变好,巢湖的富营养化才能得到控制。     

Selective desorption and analysis of humic substances on suspended particles in river water

The elemental analysis and morphology of individual particles indicate that the dominant suspended particles in river water are kaolin covered with hydrated iron(III) oxide which strongly sorbs humic substances. Suspended particles, about 1 mg, collected from 250 ml of water by centrifugation, are treated with 0.7 ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide to desorb humic substances. Approximately 60% of copper and 30% of lead on or in suspended particles exist as humic complexes.     

Evaluation of a synergetic effect between Rh as permanent chemical modifier and acetylacetone as complexing agent in Sc determination in sediment slurry samples by ETAAS

In the present work, scandium was determined in sediment slurry samples (from three different rivers) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Slurries were prepared by weighting 100 mg of dry sediment samples (≤53 μm particle sizes) and adding 6 ml of HCl:HNO₃:HF (3:1:2, v/v). Accurate results were only possible due to the synergetic effect between Rh as permanent chemical modifier and acetylacetone (Acac) as complexing agent. The same platform was used for 400 heating cycles. The performance of the chemical modification was evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) and some figures of merit (precision and detectability). The best analytical conditions were attained using 1500 and 2550 °C as pyrolysis and atomization temperatures. The scandium content in the liquid phase of the slurries ranged from 61 to 73%, thus indicating, in this study, that both liquid and solid phases play an important role in slurry analyses. An amount of 5.0–20.0 μg l⁻¹ Sc linear range as well as LOD and LOQ of 0.19 and 0.62 μg l⁻¹, respectively, were obtained under these conditions. The accuracy was checked by using microwave-assisted decomposition, and the results compared to those obtained with the proposed methodology (slurry analysis). By checking both sets of the results, there is no statistical difference at the 95% confidence levels.