全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2615篇 |
免费 | 172篇 |
国内免费 | 221篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1130篇 |
晶体学 | 5篇 |
力学 | 39篇 |
综合类 | 36篇 |
数学 | 105篇 |
物理学 | 305篇 |
综合类 | 1388篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 10篇 |
2023年 | 25篇 |
2022年 | 76篇 |
2021年 | 73篇 |
2020年 | 96篇 |
2019年 | 72篇 |
2018年 | 65篇 |
2017年 | 106篇 |
2016年 | 103篇 |
2015年 | 100篇 |
2014年 | 128篇 |
2013年 | 180篇 |
2012年 | 181篇 |
2011年 | 137篇 |
2010年 | 152篇 |
2009年 | 130篇 |
2008年 | 115篇 |
2007年 | 142篇 |
2006年 | 180篇 |
2005年 | 121篇 |
2004年 | 122篇 |
2003年 | 88篇 |
2002年 | 85篇 |
2001年 | 68篇 |
2000年 | 57篇 |
1999年 | 64篇 |
1998年 | 46篇 |
1997年 | 37篇 |
1996年 | 35篇 |
1995年 | 32篇 |
1994年 | 48篇 |
1993年 | 24篇 |
1992年 | 18篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 17篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
1955年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3008条查询结果,搜索用时 157 毫秒
1.
Pu Duan Bo Zhi Luke Coburn Christy L. Haynes Klaus Schmidt-Rohr 《Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC》2020,58(11):1130-1138
The composition of fluorescent polymer nanoparticles, commonly referred to as carbon dots, synthesized by microwave-assisted reaction of citric acid and ethylenediamine was investigated by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H─13C, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. 13C NMR with spectral editing provided no evidence for significant condensed aromatic or diamondoid carbon phases. 15N NMR showed that the nanoparticle matrix has been polymerized by amide and some imide formation. Five small, resolved 13C NMR peaks, including an unusual ═CH signal at 84 ppm (1H chemical shift of 5.8 ppm) and ═CN2 at 155 ppm, and two distinctive 15N NMR resonances near 80 and 160 ppm proved the presence of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA) or its derivatives. This molecular fluorophore with conjugated double bonds, formed by a double cyclization reaction of citric acid and ethylenediamine as first shown by Y. Song, B. Yang, and coworkers in 2015, accounts for the fluorescence of the carbon dots. Cross-peaks in a 1H─13C HETCOR spectrum with brief 1H spin diffusion proved that IPCA is finely dispersed in the polyamide matrix. From quantitative 13C and 15N NMR spectra, a high concentration (18 ± 2 wt%) of IPCA in the carbon dots was determined. A pronounced gradient in 13C chemical-shift perturbations and peak widths, with the broadest lines near the COO group of IPCA, indicated at least partial transformation of the carboxylic acid of IPCA by amide or ester formation. 相似文献
2.
《Journal of separation science》2018,41(10):2288-2295
New psychoactive substances represent serious social and health problem as tens of new compounds are detected in Europe annually. They often show structural proximity or even isomerism, which complicates their analysis. Two methods based on ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection were validated and compared. A simple dilute‐filter‐and‐shoot protocol utilizing propan‐2‐ol or methanol for supercritical fluid or liquid chromatography, respectively, was proposed to detect and quantify 15 cathinones and phenethylamines in human urine. Both methods offered fast separation (<3 min) and short total analysis time. Precision was well <15% with a few exceptions in liquid chromatography. Limits of detection in urine ranged from 0.01 to 2.3 ng/mL, except for cathinone (5 ng/mL) in supercritical fluid chromatography. Nevertheless, this technique distinguished all analytes including four pairs of isomers, while liquid chromatography was unable to resolve fluoromethcathinone regioisomers. Concerning matrix effects and recoveries, supercritical fluid chromatography produced more uniform results for different compounds and at different concentration levels. This work demonstrates the performance and reliability of supercritical fluid chromatography and corroborates its applicability as an alternative tool for analysis of new psychoactive substances in biological matrixes. 相似文献
3.
4.
对模糊控制和预测控制相结合的控制方法进行研究,提出了一种简单易于实现的模糊预测控制的组合方法.此方法将模糊控制的定性分析特点和预测控制的定量分析特点有效地结合起来,同时积分器的引入可以消除稳态偏差.仿真结果表明,该方法对控制作用的滞后时间不确定的系统十分有效. 相似文献
5.
《科学通报(英文版)》2006,(5)
QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (QSAR) IS A VERY IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR MANY SCIENTIFIC FIELDS AND CAN BE TERMED AS QUANTITATIVE SEQUENCE ACTIVITY MODELS(QSAM)[1] WHEN REFERRED TO THE RESEARCH ON RELATION- SHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURES AND ACTIVITIES OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES, SUCH AS PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. HOW- EVER, IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO ESTABLISH A QSAM MODEL,… 相似文献
6.
借助于分子拓扑学探讨了脂肪腈的凝聚型性能与分子结构之间的关系,提出一个结构基础明确的定量关系式.对乙腈到二十一烷腈的计算结果表明,沸点、密度和折光指数的计算值都很接近实验值.应用这一定量关系,不仅能够合理表征脂肪睛结构与凝聚型性能的关系,而且有助于揭示物质结构与性能关系之间的奥秘。 相似文献
7.
There is a high correlation between molecular surface area (TSA) of triorganotin and triorganolead compounds and their toxicity towards a bacterium (Escherichia coli) and an alga (Selenastrum capricornutum). Parallel attempts to correlate other Group IVA organometals incorporating silicon or germanium were unsuccessful. It was further demonstrated, however, that a high correlation was obtainable between certain series of compounds with the same organic substituent but different metal centers involving all Group IVA elements. In both instances, the inability to obtain a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for all systems studied appears to be a function of the solubility of the compounds. While organotin TSA values have been found to correlate well with their toxicities toward various organisms, this study clearly suggests that this type of QSAR can be readily extended to include other organometal systems, provided that there is no solubility problem and the toxicity is a function of the hydrophobicity of the organometal compounds. 相似文献
8.
9.
This paper examines the capabilities of cryogenic sample handling to examine composition and structure of hydrogel materials where siloxane components are central to the analysis. XPS analysis of multicomponent polymers with cryogenic sample handling following exposure to aqueous environments has revealed the composition and kinetics of near surface reorganization for siloxane and fluorocarbon containing polymers. In this study we report results from a ToF-SIMS protocol for cryogenic sample handling applied to the analysis of surface changes upon hydration/dehydration of hydrogel polymers. Comparison of results from angle dependent XPS and ToF-SIMS are discussed for a range of commercial soft contact lens materials. Both methods detected changes in surface chemistry between the hydrated (frozen) and dehydrated surfaces. Analysis of the hydrated surfaces detected polymer components indicative of the commercial formulation as well as ice clusters. Analysis of the dehydrated materials detected changes in surface chemistry relative to the hydrated surface in addition to loss of water due to sample dehydration. A quantitative standard additions method for ToF-SIMS data was used to determine submonolayer amounts of PDMS impurities at the surface of the hydrogels. ToF-SIMS analysis of a series of seven poly (allyl methacrylate-g-dimethylsiloxane), AMA-g-DMS, graft copolymers in the hydrated state revealed high mass oligomeric ion distributions for systems with bulk PDMS content greater than 25 wt.%. This marks the first time that detection of high mass oligomeric ion distributions from hydrated (frozen) surfaces has been reported. Analysis of the dehydrated surface detected formation of high mass oligomeric ion distributions for systems with PDMS bulk content greater than 15 wt.%, but only detected these ion distributions in wet (frozen) samples when the bulk concentration was greater than 25 wt.%. 相似文献
10.