家蝇幼虫饲料残渣防治植物线虫的研究

实验表明,感染有根结线虫的土壤或植株,施用家蝇幼虫饲料残渣及其浸渍液,能显著减少线虫虫口密度;并使病株对病虫害抗性提高,明显促进生长.用1∶4浓度浸渍液直接处理多种植物线虫成虫和根结线虫幼虫,4～5d可致死亡.这与饲料残渣中含有蝇幼虫分泌物及其蜕的皮等几丁质物质有关.蝇幼虫饲料残渣既具有优质有机肥,又具有防治病虫害、促进植物生长的双重功效.     

Essential Oils as Novel Anthelmintic Drug Candidates

Helminths, with an estimated 1.5 billion annual global infections, are one of the major health challenges worldwide. The current strategy of the World Health Organization to prevent helminth infection includes increasing hygienic awareness, providing better sanitation and preventative anthelmintic drug therapy in vulnerable populations. Nowadays, anthelmintic drugs are used heavily in livestock, both in case of infection and as a preventative measure. However, this has led to the development of resistance against several of the most common drugs, such as levamisole, ivermectin and thiabendazole. As many as 70% of the livestock in developed countries now has helminths that are drug resistant, and multiple resistance is common. Because of this, novel anthelmintics are urgently needed to help combat large-scale production losses. Prior to this review, no comprehensive review of the anthelmintic effects of essential oils and their components existed. Multiple review articles have been published on the uses of a single plant and its extracts that only briefly touch upon their anthelmintic activity. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of essential oils and their components as anthelmintic treatment against a wider variety of helminths.     

Fumigant Activity of Bacterial Volatile Organic Compounds against the Nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Meloidogyne incognita

Plant-parasitic nematodes infect a diversity of crops, resulting in severe economic losses in agriculture. Microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are potential agents to control plant-parasitic nematodes and other pests. In this study, VOCs emitted by a dozen bacterial strains were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fumigant toxicity of selected VOCs, including dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, anisole, 2,5-dimethylfuran, glyoxylic acid, and S-methyl thioacetate (MTA) was then tested against Caenorhabditis elegans. DMDS and MTA exhibited much stronger fumigant toxicity than the others. Probit analysis suggested that the values of LC₅₀ were 8.57 and 1.43 μg/cm³ air for DMDS and MTA, respectively. MTA also showed stronger fumigant toxicity than DMDS against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, suggesting the application potential of MTA.     

西天目山土壤线虫区系与生态的初步探讨

1987年5月由中国自然科学基金会资助,开始了“亚热带森林土壤动物区系及其在森林生态平衡中的作用”的研究工作,开选定浙江西天目山作为研究点之一。本工作在西天目山选定5个采样区。经鉴定,西天目山土壤线虫可分5目23属40种,其中有13种仅鉴定到属,并认为,土壤线虫数量的变化,主要与海拔高度、温度、土壤pH值、降水量等因素有关。     

玉林市和贵港市城区近郊水体孑孓索科线虫感染情况的研究

目的：弄清玉林市和贵港市库蚊线虫的资源情况,为保护和利用索科线虫资源提供理论依据.调查方法：根据库蚊孑孓的生活习性,选取不同的生态环境,在玉林市和贵港市城区近郊随机选取有水的稻田及水沟等水体,随机多点取水以获取孑孓,并带回饲养,记录收集到的孑孓的总数,观察孑孓体内线虫脱出的情况,计算出孑孓索科线虫的感染率.结果：玉林和贵港均有线虫资源,且以玉林的绿杨村最为丰富.感染强度为2.0%、100%、100%、3.03%、0.78%;感染强度最高可达到1.3/条.     

ATR/FTIR characterization of Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis indica

The use of Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection for characterizing entomopathogenic nematodes is evaluated for the first time. The resulting spectra of Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis indica were compared with the spectrum of Caenorhabditis elegans. In the absorption spectra generated by the nematodes samples, the absorption bands were assigned to the molecular species and some important components were identified including triglycerides, trehalose, glycogen and collagen. Also, the use of star diagrams for the fingerprint section of nematode spectra for separating genera is discussed.     

云南烟草根结线虫拮抗真菌分离鉴定初报

 从云南省28个县采集152个土样及发病烟根,利用直接分离法和诱集分离法分别从根结线虫卵囊、卵、雌虫和幼虫分离到400株拮抗真菌,它们包括拟青霉属、镰刀菌属、普可尼亚属、木霉属、链格孢属、曲霉属、青霉属、柱孢菌属、茎点霉属、单顶孢属、钩丝孢属、节丛孢属、矛束孢属等21属及一些不产孢的拮抗真菌,其中淡紫拟青霉、厚垣孢普可尼亚菌、尖孢镰刀菌为分离频率最高,约占分离数的60%.卵囊、卵和雌虫寄生真菌种类和数量远远大于二龄幼虫寄生真菌种类和数量,不同县寄生真菌种类和数量差异较大.     

哈茨木霉菌与蜡样芽孢杆菌复合使用对田间番茄根结线虫的生防效果测定

通过单一及复合使用哈茨木霉菌与蜡样芽孢杆菌,调查不同处理对大田番茄根结线虫的预防和防治效果。田间试验结果表明,连续施用两次生防菌后,两种微生物菌剂的复合使用比单一菌株对根结线虫表现出明显的预防和防治效果。45 d后两种微生物菌剂复合使用对番茄根结线虫的预防和防治效果分别达到70.2%、48.4%,根际土壤根结线虫减退率分别达到61.4%、54.9%,番茄根中根结线虫减退率分别达到75.9%、60.7%,显著高于单一菌株对根结线虫的预防和防治效果（P<0.05）,研究结果为下一步研发微生物菌剂的复合使用防治番茄根结线虫提供了参考依据。     

细菌分离物B619与松材线虫病关系的初步研究

在无菌条件下,用从松材线虫虫体上分离到的细菌分离物Ｂ６１９、无菌线虫以及它们的混合物对无菌黑松苗进行了接种试验。结果发现,用无菌线虫或细菌分离物Ｂ６１９接种的无菌苗不发病,而把二混合后接种则使无菌苗发生萎蔫。这表明松材线虫携带的细菌与松材线虫的致病性有关,二在致病性上极可能存在着协同作用关系。因此,可以把松材线虫病看作是线虫和细菌共同侵梁引起的复合侵染病害。     

昆虫病原线虫及其在害虫防治中的应用

介绍了昆虫病原线虫的分类、生物生态学特性及在害虫防治中的研究进展,展望了昆虫病原线虫的发展前景。