山茶科系统发育诠释：Ⅸ.山茶属的原始特征及其演化趋向

讨论和比较了关于山茶属演化趋向的两种观点，认为根据现存种类及目前发现的化石资料，花无梗，苞被不分化为苞片和萼片，代表了山茶属的原始特征；而花梗伸长，引起了苞萼分化，苞片在花梗上疏离，宿存，脱落或减少，演化出更加进步的类群；而苞被保持不分化，多数状态下也可能在花和果等方面得到演化，体现了系统发育和个体发育在山茶属内次级分类群中并不一致     

Evaluation of Vetiver Volatile Compound Production under Aeroponic-Grown Conditions for the Perfume Industry

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) is a major tropical perfume crop. Access to its essential oil (EO)-filled roots is nevertheless cumbersome and land-damaging. This study, therefore, evaluated the potential of vetiver cultivation under soilless high-pressure aeroponics (HPA) for volatile organic compound (VOC) production. The VOC accumulation in the roots was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, and the composition of these VOCs was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after sampling by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The HPA-grown plants were compared to plants that had been grown in potting soil and under axenic conditions. The HPA-grown plants were stunted, demonstrating less root biomass than the plants that had been grown in potting soil. The roots were slender, thinner, more tapered, and lacked the typical vetiver fragrance. HPA cultivation massively impaired the accumulation of the less-volatile hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes that normally form most of the VOCs. The axenic, tissue-cultured plants followed a similar and more exacerbated trend. Ultrastructural analyses revealed that the HPA conditions altered root ontogeny, whereby the roots contained fewer EO-accumulating cells and hosted fewer and more immature intracellular EO droplets. These preliminary results allowed to conclude that HPA-cultivated vetiver suffers from altered development and root ontology disorders that prevent EO accumulation.     

Acoustic Analyses of Developmental Changes and Emotional Expression in the Preverbal Vocalizations of Infants

The nonverbal vocal utterances of seven normally hearing infants were studied within their first year of life with respect to age- and emotion-related changes. Supported by a multiparametric acoustic analysis it was possible to distinguish one inspiratory and eleven expiratory call types. Most of the call types appeared within the first two months; some emerged in the majority of infants not until the 5th (“laugh”) or 7th month (“babble”). Age-related changes in acoustic structure were found in only 4 call types (“discomfort cry,” “short discomfort cry,” “wail,” “moan”). The acoustic changes were characterized mainly by an increase in harmonic-to-noise ratio and homogeneity of the call, a decrease in frequency range and a downward shift of acoustic energy from higher to lower frequencies. Emotion-related differences were found in the acoustic structure of single call types as well as in the frequency of occurrence of different call types. A change from positive to negative emotional state was accompanied by an increase in call duration, frequency range, and peak frequency (frequency with the highest amplitude within the power spectrum). Negative emotions, in addition, were characterized by a significantly higher rate of “crying,” “hic” and “ingressive vocalizations” than positive emotions, while positive emotions showed a significantly higher rate of “babble,” “laugh,” and “raspberry.”     

紫外线对果蝇生长发育和表型变异的影响

对紫外线照射黄身果蝇进行了研究.结果表明:紫外线照射能够极显著地降低果蝇的寿命,使果蝇成蝇的存活时间比对照组降低66.31%～83.96%;能够抑制果蝇的产卵量,并降低卵的成活率;影响子代的个体发育,使子二代个体重量减少12.08%.紫外线照射还能影响当代或子代的行为性状,引起果蝇子代的表型变化.随着照射时间的延长和照射频率的增加,其伤害作用明显增加.     

Molecules participating in insect immunity of Sarcophaga peregrina

Pricking the body wall of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) larvae with a needle activated the immune system of this insect and induced various immune molecules, including antibacterial proteins, in the hemolymph. In this review, I summarize and discuss the functions of these immune molecules, with particular emphasis on the dual roles of some of these molecules in defense and development.     

Developmental changes in hematopoietic stem cell properties

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) comprise a rare population of cells that can regenerate and maintain lifelong blood cell production. This functionality is achieved through their ability to undergo many divisions without activating a poised, but latent, capacity for differentiation into multiple blood cell types. Throughout life, HSCs undergo sequential changes in several key properties. These affect mechanisms that regulate the self-renewal, turnover and differentiation of HSCs as well as the properties of the committed progenitors and terminally differentiated cells derived from them. Recent findings point to the Lin28b-let-7 pathway as a master regulator of many of these changes with important implications for the clinical use of HSCs for marrow rescue and gene therapy, as well as furthering our understanding of the different pathogenesis of childhood and adult-onset leukemia.     

贵州兴义中三叠世胡氏贵州龙形态特征及生殖方式初探

通过对两件胡氏贵州龙标本进行详细的形态学描述和解剖学对比, 确认标本中所有个体均具有颞孔小、眼孔大、肋骨粗肿、尺骨异常宽阔等典型特征, 并对胡氏贵州龙的形态特征进行了补充。通过骨块测量数据, 可鉴定出3个成年个体的性别和1个幼体的个体发育阶段。结合古地理和胚胎保存信息, 认为胡氏贵州龙的生殖方式可能是胎生, 但尚不能完全排除卵胎生的可能性。     

Lower Cambrian phosphatized Punctatus from southern Shaanxi and their ontogeny sequence

Phosphatized and three-dimensionally preserved embryos and spherical fossils of metazoan recovered from the Kuanchuanpu Member, Dengying Formation in southern Shaanxi, China provide nice devel- opmental sequence for the studies of origination, taxonomy, phylogenic evolution and developmental biology of early animals. Ontogeny of these larva fossils has not been systemically studied mainly due to their poor preservation and limited identification. The Kuanchuanpu Member, predominated by phosphorites and cherts, yields phosphatized animal embryos, particularly those of Olivooides and Punctatus which have high resolution in fine structures and different ontogeny developmental stages. An ontogenetic sequence of the Punctatus is established mainly base on its developmental transitions from body part to oral one, which is perfectly consistent with the embryonic ontogeny sequence pro- posed by Bengtson and Yue (1997). Furthermore, a new genus Quadrapyrgites gen. nov is erected to receive a larva with tetraradial body plan.     

玉簪属花药结构和花粉发育

利用石蜡切片技术研究了玉簪属植物花药结构和花粉发育,其观察结果表明：玉簪成熟花药由表层、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层等4层细胞组成;4个小孢子囊呈线形排列,并着生于药隔的向心面;小孢子母细胞分裂属连续型;成熟花粉为3-细胞结构,营养细胞充满大量淀粉粒;花药发育存在严重败育现象,花粉个体发育也具明显的不同步性;横切面观,玉簪花被片具有9～13个痕迹;2n=2x=60.从上述资料看,作者支持把“玉簪属”植物提升到“玉簪科”的水平.     

个体发育过程中生物体的熵

本文主要讨论了生物体个体发育过程中的熵和熵产生率的一般变化规律，给出了生物体在任一发育时刻ｔ的熵以及ｔ－ｔ＋Δｔ时间内熵为的近似计算方法。结果表明，个体发育过程中生物体的料和熵产生率既不能过大也不能过小，而是要和个体发育各个时期的发育水平相适应。