新郑西亚斯东周玉器材料属性与加工工艺的科技分析

中国玉文化源远流长，治玉工艺经过各个时代的不断发展和完善，在一定程度上能反映古代社会生产力发展水平及文化、贸易、技术交流等信息。利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱（EDXRF）、激光拉曼光谱（LRS）、超景深光学显微系统（OM）等分析技术，结合硅胶覆膜微痕复制技术，对河南省新郑西亚斯东周墓地出土的一批玉器进行科技分析。首先利用化学成分和物相结构分析技术确定了玉器材质的矿物属性，其次利用显微分析技术表征了玉器表面及穿孔内部和印模的加工痕迹，特别是阴刻纹饰和穿孔微痕特征，最后探讨了玉器样品的材料属性和加工工艺两者之间的联系。化学成分和物相结构分析结果表明，所分析的西亚斯东周玉器材质丰富，主要矿物组成有滑石、透闪石、水晶、云母等。玉器表面纹饰微痕特征分析表明，所分析玉器阴刻工艺采用了两种加工工具，分别是砣具和手持硬质工具。穿孔微痕分析特征表明，钻孔包括单面钻孔和双面/多面钻孔两种方式，钻孔工艺则有实心钻、管钻等。部分玉器钻孔形状和内部微痕特征表明，尽管均采用了实心钻工艺，但所采用的实心钻头在形状上存在差异，同时，也存在是否配合解玉砂进行钻孔的差异。不同材料属性的玉器采用了不同的加工工艺。滑石质玉器，莫氏硬度1，器型主要为玉片饰，其表面阴刻纹饰主要采用手持硬质工具进行刻画，钻孔主要采用了双面钻孔方式，并使用了实心钻头未添加解玉砂进行加工，钻头形状可能为圆锥状；云母质玉器，莫氏硬度2~3，器型主要为玉玦片饰，纹饰采用了砣具添加解玉砂的加工工艺，钻孔方式为单面钻孔，采用了管钻工艺。透闪石型玉器，莫氏硬度5~6，器型主要为玉片饰，表面纹饰采用砣具配合解玉砂砣刻，以双面钻孔的方式为主，钻孔工艺为实心钻头配合解玉砂工艺，钻头形状与滑石类样品一致，为圆锥状。水晶质玉器，莫氏硬度7，均为珠饰，表面无纹饰，钻孔方式为双面/多面钻孔，钻孔工艺为实心钻配合解玉砂工艺，且钻头可能为圆柱形。研究结果表明，玉器表面纹饰所采用的阴刻工艺和钻孔工艺，与玉器本身的材料属性、器型等存在密切关系。     

拉曼光谱在宝玉石鉴定中的应用

:利用拉曼光谱鉴定宝石越来越受到宝石学界的关注。本文测定了许多宝石的拉曼光谱 ,其中包括宝石、玉石、人造宝石和一些贵重宝石的代用品。这些谱图可以作为宝石鉴定的标准对照谱。文中还讨论了宝石拉曼光谱鉴定的一些特点     

吉林敦化鸡血玉特征及找矿远景

探讨了吉林敦化鸡血玉矿床地质特征,重点阐述了鸡血玉的含矿带特征、围岩蚀变特征,并通过光片鉴定和X射线能谱分析了鸡血玉的矿物特征,同时也预测了鸡血玉矿床在敦化地区的找矿远景。     

拉曼光谱技术在中国古玉、古玉器鉴定和研究中的应用

激光拉曼光谱技术是应用于科技考古研究中的高技术之一,属于无损分析研究,但作为一种很好的无损分析方法它在中国古代玉器研究中的应用并不非常广泛。文章首先介绍了激光拉曼光谱技术的基本原理及近几年来国内外的最新进展,然后从矿物结构与拉曼特征峰之间的关系入手比较了目前国内外5种常见玉石的激光拉曼研究结果。然后分别通过对浙江良渚遗址和河南安阳殷墟遗址出土的4件中国古代玉器与新疆和田地区出产的软玉样品进行对比研究,成功地利用激光拉曼光谱技术对一批中国古代玉器进行了无损鉴定,从而阐明该项技术在中国古代玉器结构测试和材质鉴定中是一种很好的无损分析研究方法。最后,讨论了目前激光拉曼光谱技术在中国古玉和古代玉器研究中存在的局限性并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Thermal reactivity of jadeite and nephrite

The thermal reactivity of the naturally occurring silicates jadeite, NaAl[Si₂O₆], and nephrite, a variety of actinolite, Ca₂ (Mg,Fe)₅[(OH,F)Si₄O₁₁]₂, have been investigated by thermogravimetric and thermomechanical analysis as well as temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction and analytical electron microscopy. TG shows that nephrite undergoes a weight loss at around 900°C. Mass spectrometry reveals that this irreversible reaction corresponds to the evolution of H₂O, and XRD shows that a phase related to diopside CaMg[Si₂O₆] is formed. Jadeite does not undergo and observable weight changes up to 1000°C. Thermomechanical analysis indicates a reversible phase transition at about 950°C. Temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction shows that jadeite is again present on cooling (peak temperature: 1000°C), but that this is accompared by an additional unidentified phase. The mechanism of this process is not yet clear although it has been observed in several samples from different origins and with different metal impurities.     

软玉猫眼的新发现

主要介绍在中国西南部新发现的一种宝石,经OM、EM、EPMA、EDX和IR的测定和分析确定它是软玉并具有猫眼效应,该矿储量大、分布广、品位高、外观色彩和亮丽程度均胜过台湾花莲的“台湾玉”,是我国宝玉石矿产资源中的姣姣者。     

Studies on the Element Characteristics of Nephrite Minerals from Different Deposits by GD‐MS

Element characteristics of nephrite minerals were determined by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD‐MS) through surface adherence method. To solve the conductivity problem of non‐conductive nephrite samples, high purity indium pin (>99.9999%) was used as discharge host. During the preparation procedure, a small piece of nephrite sample was ground into powder (about 200 meshes), and then the sample powder was coated on the surface of indium pin to form a rod sample. Typical elements of nephrite minerals were analyzed by GD‐MS, and the relative standard deviations showed that the stability and reproducibility of this method were good. Meanwhile, four nephrite samples from two different deposits were further studied by this method. The GD‐MS results of major elements and trace elements revealed that typical elements of the nephrite minerals from same deposit were similar, and those from different deposits exhibited significant difference. In addition, results of external‐beam proton induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) were consistent with the result of GD‐MS determination. The present approach had been proven to be simple, efficient to perform the rapid screening and multi‐element semi‐quantitative analysis of nephrite samples.     

Analysis of the chromite inclusions found in nephrite minerals obtained from different deposits using SEM‐EDS and LRS

Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM‐EDS) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) were used to analyse the chromite inclusions found in four samples of the mineral nephrite that were obtained from Taiwan (one), Manasi in China (two) and New Zealand (one). The chromite inclusions found in sample HL‐1 (Taiwan) contain low contents of Mg and Al, as well as a characteristically high Zn content. The most significant finding, however, was that HL‐1 could also be distinguished from the other samples by the lower wavenumbers of the positions of the peaks that belong to the A_1g, F_2g⁽¹⁾ and E_g modes. Compared to the difference in compositions, the difference in the positions of the peaks in the Raman spectra of the chromite inclusions, as revealed by LRS, can more easily be used to distinguish between samples of nephrite that have been obtained from different deposits, and in particular to identify the provenance of the raw material used in ancient nephrite artefacts, in view of the fact that LRS is non‐destructive and easy to apply. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广西大化墨玉的矿物学及谱学特征研究

近年来大量的墨玉在国内外玉石市场上陆续出现,广西大化墨玉是最新发现的墨玉新品种。为了探究广西大化墨玉的矿物学及谱学特征,针对产自广西大化瑶族自治县的墨玉样品进行了常规检测,以及采用Ｘ射线粉末衍射仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪和激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪等现代谱学仪器测试分析,从矿物组成、拉曼光谱和红外光谱以及化学元素组成进行了研究分析。常规宝石学特征测试显示广西大化墨玉的折射率为1.64(点测),比重为3.12。偏光显微镜观察显示广西大化墨玉的主要矿物为阳起石,含量大于98%,结构为显微毛毡状结构。XRD测试明确样品主要成分为阳起石,其特征面网间距为8.498 3和3.145 9 。傅里叶红外变换光谱仪测试结果显示样品的红外光谱与透闪石理论值接近,主要的特征峰为1 078,1 026,925,765,703,659,584,485,436 cm-1,其中1 078,1 026,925 cm-1为O-Si-O和Si-O-Si的反对称伸缩振动及O-Si-O对称伸缩振动,765,703,659 cm-1为Si-O-Si对称伸缩振动,584,485,436 cm-1为Si-O弯曲振动。激光拉曼光谱测试测试结果显示样品的图谱基本集中在3 500～3 800和119～1 054 cm-1这两个区域内,样品的拉曼光谱119～1 054 cm-1的特征峰中1 055,1 029和930 cm-1为闪石类矿物特征的Si-O伸缩振动,744和671 cm-1为Si-O-Si伸缩振动,且在671 cm-1是强度最大的特征峰位,代表硅氧四面体结构单元中桥氧的对称伸缩振动;在3 800～3 500 cm-1区间为M-OH伸缩振动区域,反映了M₁和M₃位置的阳离子与结构中的OH-成键的振动信息,位于3 628,3647,3 664,3 678 cm-1,这是由于OH-伸缩振动导致。通过激光剥蚀质谱仪测试分析发现样品的主要化学成分为SiO₂(52.4%),FeO(21.95%),CaO(12.5%)和MgO(12.4%)。此外还含有少量Al₂O₃,MnO,Na₂O,P₂O₅,K₂O和TiO₂,由于样品富含Fe元素,计算Mg/(Mg+Fe)=0.504,因此大化墨玉为软玉中的阳起石玉,并由此推断大化墨玉的黑色由含铁量较高所致。     

和田玉研究的关键问题

简要分析了和田玉研究中的一些关键问题,涉及和田玉自然属性和社会属性中的众多领域,包括矿床成因机理、找矿勘探、开发利用、玉与石的分化、古玉溯源及加工工艺、玉的历史作用等方面。有关问题的解决寄希望于相关自然科学与社会科学的深化与发展,更寄希望于自然科学与社会科学的交叉与融合。