基于模糊方法的多人合作对策的研究

多人合作对策模型中联盟的收入和总体的收入常常出现相互矛盾的情况 ,此时核是空集 .由于不存在核 ,无法用 Nash-Harsanyi谈判模型求解 .采用模糊数学方法 ,调整模型中线性约束的右端系数 ,使核在一定程度上是非空集合 ,得到模糊意义下的 Nash平衡解 .该方法一定程度上解决了各联盟收入与总体收入的矛盾 .最后通过一个算例说明该方法的可行性 .     

商务谈判中的让步技巧

谈判是妥协的艺术,没有让步就不会成功.无论买方还是卖方,让步都是其达成有效协议所必须采取的策略.因此,让步技巧在商务谈判中的运用显得尤为重要,它影响着谈判发展的方向,关系到谈判的最终结果.     

突破国人对外谈判障碍应用策略浅析

中国加入WTO，企业将面临着更多的机遇与挑战。商务谈判与协商成为国际商务活动的中心环节。为了在谈判中争取主动，顺利地驾驭谈判过程，就要求我国的谈判人员对自身的谈判理论、原则、策略与方法进行不断的调整与改进。     

文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响

涉外商务谈判的各方来自不同国家,文化背景是一个对谈判有重要影响的因素。这是因为文化的差异造成了各方不同的思维方式,他们的谈判风格、技巧、行为特征等也因为受到文化的影响而不尽相同。进一步说,文化差异影响表现在他们对谈判的定义、谈判人员的选择,以及在礼节、沟通方式、时间、合同形式等方面的不同要求。在涉外商务谈判中,应该认识到文化差异的存在,并努力去跨越这些差异达到相互理解。     

技术标准制订过程中的经济学行为研究

实施标准化是我国新世纪应对世界经济一体化挑战的一种战略选择。本文介绍了技术标准的定义、作用和一般制订过程。在系统研究了技术标准制订过程中的经济学行为———谈判和博弈后 ,提出了技术标准制订过程中的政策建议     

Arbitration procedures with multiple arbitrators

We consider two final-offer arbitration procedures in the case where there is more than one arbitrator. Two players, labeled 1 and 2 and interpreted here as Labor and Management, respectively, are in dispute about an increase in the wage rate. They submit final offers to a Referee. There are N arbitrators. Each of the arbitrators has her own assessment and selects the offer which is closest to her assessment. After that each arbitrator informs the Referee about her decision. The Referee counts the votes and declares the player obtaining the most votes to be the winner. Under the second arbitration scheme, the Referee takes into account only the assessments which lie between the players’ offers. The game is modeled as a zero-sum game. The Nash equilibrium in this arbitration game is derived.     

分布式环境下基于属性证书的RBAC模型

基于角色的访问控制(RBAC)将角色概念引入到访问控制中,极大地方便了用户对资源的访问,同时也减轻了系统保存大量用户信息的压力.在分析RBAC模型的基础上,结合RBAC系统的特点以及SPKI/SDSI证书的优越性,提出了一种分布式环境下的基于属性证书的RBAC模型,定义了属性证书的结构以及描述了用户访问资源的工作流程,对模型的特点进行了总结.分析表明,该模型具有简洁的证书格式、支持匿名访问、单点登录等优点.     

一种基于Agent的服务质量管理框架

为了更好地满足应用的服务质量需求，应建立一种结构良好的服务质量管理框架，以便进行服务质量协商和资源管理．根据服务质量的结构、目标以及Agent的特性，提出了一种基于Agent的服务质量管理框架．首先，介绍了框架的构成，给出了服务质量的定义和各层参数的映射机制．其次，介绍了框架的核心部分“基于Agent的服务质量管理站”，说明了站中各种静态、移动Agent的作用和相互关系．最后，给出了基于Agent端到端的服务质量协商过程。     

从“过程主义”的工程本质观看工程文化

从"过程主义"的工程本质观的角度来看,工程可以分为计划、实施以及消费3个阶段。在计划阶段,"协商"是此阶段工程文化的核心内容,"坚持实事求是"是它的基础。通过这个基础,可以衍生出"运用科学的方法"、"以全面的视角看待问题"、"破除权威"等文化内容。在实施阶段,"组织文化"是此阶段工程文化的核心部分,"保持团结"是它的核心内容。通过以"保持团结"为基础,可以衍生出"平等互利的工作关系"、"相互信任"、"目标一致"等文化内容。在消费阶段,"如何处理各个主体之间的关系"是此阶段工程文化所要解决的核心问题,也是此阶段工程文化的核心部分,"兼顾各个主体的利益"是此阶段工程文化的核心内容。工程文化研究为"和谐工程"的创建提供了理论基础。     

Reducing Cognitive Effort in Scoring Negotiation Space Using the Fuzzy Clustering Model

Negotiation scoring systems are fundamental tools used in negotiation support to facilitate parties searching for negotiation agreement and analyzing its efficiency and fairness. Such a scoring system is obtained in prenegotiation by implementing selected multiple criteria decision-aiding methods to elicit the negotiator’s preferences precisely and ensure that the support is reliable. However, the methods classically used in the preference elicitation require much cognitive effort from the negotiators, and hence, do not prevent them from using heuristics and making simple errors that result in inaccurate scoring systems. This paper aims to develop an alternative tool that allows scoring the negotiation offers by implementing a sorting approach and the reference set of limiting profiles defined individually by the negotiators in the form of complete packages. These limiting profiles are evaluated holistically and verbally by the negotiator. Then the fuzzy decision model is built that uses the notion of increasing the preference granularity by introducing a series of limiting sub-profiles for corresponding sub-categories of offers. This process is performed automatically by the support algorithm and does not require any additional preferential information from the negotiator. A new method of generating reference fuzzy scores to allow a detailed assignment of any negotiation offer from feasible negotiation space to clusters and sub-clusters is proposed. Finally, the efficient frontier and Nash’s fair division are used to identify the recommended packages for negotiation in the bargaining phase. This new approach allows negotiators to obtain economically efficient, fair, balanced, and reciprocated agreements while minimizing information needs and effort.