PVA退浆废水预处理研究

PVA（聚乙烯醇）是一种高分子合成浆料，它广泛用于纺织，染整行业中，由于其可生化降解性差，会影响到废水处理，为此研究了化学絮凝，微滤和超滤对废水中高浓度PVA的预处理技术，并评价了三种预处理工艺的效果。     

Yeast cell microfiltration: Flux enhancement in baffled and pulsatile flow systems

The filtration performance of yeast cell harvesting was greatly improved by using an oscillatory flow mixing technique in both tubular and flat sheet membrane systems; flux increases of several fold were achieved. The effects of various operating parameters such as frequency, amplitude and ratio of net forward flow rate to oscillatory flow rate were investigated. A simple alternative to the dual head pump, which involved the use of solenoid valves for producing flow reversal, was developed. The flux was significantly increased using this new operating mode. As the only increase of power consumption was from inertia loss due to change of flow direction the additional power consumption is minimal.     

Microfiltration of protein solutions at thin film composite membranes

An experimental study of the interaction of the enzyme yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) with polysulfone thin film composite microfiltration membranes (Dow-Danmark) has been carried out. It was found that the membranes adsorbed only 3/4 of a monolayer of the enzyme under the conditions studied. Even so, under filtration conditions, the membrane permeation rate decreased continuously with time. This decrease in permeation rate was due neither to concentration polarisation nor to protein adsorption alone. However, it could be quantified using the standard blocking filtration law, which describes a decrease in pore volume due to deposition of protein in the interior structure of the membrane. Reversal of the membrane, so that the supporting matrix faced the feed solution, gave more stable permeation rates. Implications for the microfiltration of industrial fermentation broths are discussed.     

Surface modification of polypropylene microfiltration membranes by graft polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone

A hydrophilic polymer, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), was tethered on the surface of polypropylene microfiltration membrane (PPMM) by UV photo-assisted and γ-ray pre-irradiation induced graft polymerizations. Results revealed that the γ-ray pre-irradiation graft polymerization was more efficient in view of the grafting degree. The chemical changes of the membrane surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Pure water contact angle on poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-grafted PPMM decreased with the increase of grafting degree, which indicated an enhanced hydrophilicity for the modified membrane. Both bovine serum albumin adsorption and static platelets adhesion were measured to evaluate the bio-compatibility of the poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-modified PPMM. The statistical amounts of adsorbed bovine serum albumin and adhered platelets on unit membrane area decreased significantly, which to a certain degree demonstrated that the hemocompatibility of PPMM was improved. The N₂ permeability and the mean pore diameters of different PPMMs increased at first, then decreased after certain grafting degree. The changes of water flux followed a similar tendency. These indicated that at low grafting degree pore degradation induced by γ-ray irradiation had a major impact on permeability, while this was overcompensated by the grafted polymer at high grafting degrees.     

膜混凝反应器处理轻度污染地表水

应用混凝-活性炭吸附-微滤工艺研究了轻度污染地表水处理。实验结果表明，该工艺能够对水中的浊度和有机物有效地去除，对氨氮也有一定去除作用；同时工艺流程简单，停留时间短，设备紧凑。在原水浊度、CODMn、UV254、UV410和NH3-N平均值分别为34.8NTU、19.86mg/L、0.214cm^-1、0.022cm^-1和1.014mg/L时，出水平均值分别为0.7NTU、5.89mg/L、0.085cm^-1、0.002cm^-1和0.455mg/L。混凝在本工艺中可有效去除大分子有机物，缓解膜污染；投加粉末活性炭可以改善滤饼层结构，维持模通量，并对TOC和T-THMPF的去除起到作用；微滤可有效截留县浮物质，确保出水水质。     

膜法分离纯化葛根素的实验研究

采用陶瓷膜技术过滤粗葛根素溶液,渗透通量为200~350 L.h-1.m-2。采用GH4040型超滤膜处理微滤渗透液,在37℃和1.50 MPa下超滤渗透通量可以达到13.02 L.h-1.m-2,葛根素的截留率约为87%。采用膜技术分离纯化葛根素具有良好的发展前景。     

Evidence for shape-dependent deposition in crossflow microfiltration of microbial cells

Measurements of the mean cell volume and mean cell aspect ratio are reported for suspensions of the polymorphic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus NRRLy2415 and for cakes of the same microorganism recovered after crossflow microfiltration with a tubular ceramic membrane at fixed trans-membrane pressure and crossflow velocity. The mean cell volume and the mean cell aspect ratio in the cake were determined using image analysis. The mean cell volume was found to be consistently smaller in the cake than in the suspension while tentative evidence was found that the mean cell aspect ratio was also smaller in the cake. Enhanced deposition of less elongated cells is likely to be a consequence of preferential deposition of small cells because, for the microorganism used in this study, the mean cell aspect ratio in a suspension increases with increasing mean cell volume. Close analysis of the data reveals that the mean cell aspect ratio is greater in the cake than would be expected based on the mean cell volume in the suspension, suggesting that the deposition of more elongated cells is favoured over less elongated cells of the same volume.     

Separation of casein micelles from whey proteins by high shear microfiltration of skim milk using rotating ceramic membranes and organic membranes in a rotating disk module

This paper investigates the microfiltration of skim milk in order to separate caseins micelles from two whey proteins, α-lactalbumin (α-La) and β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), using a modified dynamic filtration pilot (MSD) consisting in 6 ceramic 9-cm diameter membrane disks of 0.2 μm pores, rotating around a shaft inside cylindrical housing. A comparison was made with another dynamic filtration module consisting in a disk rotating near a fixed PVDF 15.5 cm diameter membrane with 0.15 μm pores. Maximum permeate fluxes were 120 L h⁻¹ m⁻² with the MSD module at 1930 rpm and at 40 °C, and 210 L h⁻¹ m⁻² at 2500 rpm and 45 °C, with the rotating disk module. Casein rejection was around 99% at high speed for both membranes. α-La transmission decreased with increasing transmembrane pressure (TMP) from 75% to 60% for ceramic membranes and from 25% to 10% for the PVDF one. β-Lg transmissions were lower, ranging from 23% to 15% for ceramic membranes and from 20% to 5% for the PVDF one. In a concentration test with the PVDF membrane at 2000 rpm, the flux decayed from 200 L h⁻¹ m⁻² at initial concentration to 80 L h⁻¹ m⁻² at VRR = 3.2 and 22.1% of the initial α-La mass was recovered in the permeate, against 8.1% for β-Lg. Permeate fluxes in the mass transfer limited regime (J_lim) of the MSD and rotating disk module operated at various speeds were well correlated by the equation J_lim = 17.13 V_av where V_av denoted the disk azimuthal velocity averaged over the membrane area. Measurements of J_lim, taken from Ref. [G. Samuelsson, P. Dejlmek, G. Tragardh, M. Paulsson, Minimizing whey protein retention in crossflow microfiltration of skim milk. Int. Dairy J. 7 (1997) 237–242] during MF of skim milk using tubular ceramic membranes at velocities from 1.5 to 8 m s⁻¹ with permeate co-current recirculation were found to obey the same correlation.     

超微滤膜去除工程纳米粒子的可行性——以聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒为例

 工程纳米粒子的广泛应用导致其直接或间接进入水环境,对生物和人类造成健康风险。为研究超微滤膜去除水体中工程纳米粒子的可行性,选用3种不同孔径的中空纤维膜对聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒进行截留,并系统考查膜对聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒的去除效果及影响因素。研究结果表明：超微滤膜能够有效去除水体中工程纳米粒子。在进水压力25~125 kPa、进水切线流速0.12~0.59 m·s^-1,以及纳米颗粒质量浓度在25~100 mg·L^-1之间,超滤膜对聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒的截留率均在90%以上;压力与纳米颗粒物质量浓度的提高导致膜对聚苯乙烯的截留率也相应提高,而进水流速对截留率的影响不明显。纳米颗粒粒径与膜孔径的比在小于1时,对截留率影响较大,膜分离10 min时的实验截留率值与Nakao模型预测值较接近。     

New ceramic microfiltration membranes from mineral coal fly ash

This work aims to develop a new mineral porous tubular membrane based on mineral coal fly ash. Finely ground mineral coal powder was calcinated at 700 °C for about 3 h. The elaboration of the mesoporous layer was performed by the slip casting method using a suspension made of the mixture of fly ash powder, water and PVA. The obtained membrane was submitted to a thermal treatment which consists in drying at room temperature for 24 h then a sintering at 800 °C. SEM photographs indicated that the membrane surface was homogeneous and did not present any macro defects (cracks, etc.). The average pore diameter of the active layer was 0.25 μm and the thickness was around 20 μm. The membrane permeability was 475 l/h m² bar.This membrane was applied to the treatment of the dying effluents generated by the washing baths in the textile industry. The performances in term of permeate flux and efficiency were determined and compared to those obtained using a commercial alumina microfiltration membrane. Almost the same stabilised permeate flux was obtained (about 100 l/h m²). The quality of permeate was almost the same with the two membranes: the COD and color removal was 75% and 90%, respectively.