Application of microcrystalline cellulose as an efficient and cheap sorbent for the extraction of metoprolol from plasma and wastewater before HPLC–MS/MS determination

A dispersive solid-phase extraction method based on a new sorbent has been performed on plasma and wastewater samples to determine metoprolol by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In this study, the analyte was adsorbed from the samples onto microcrystalline cellulose as a green and efficient sorbent and then eluted for use in the determination step. In the mass spectrometer, the analyte was detected in the positive mode and selectivity of the analysis was increased by sequential mass analysis through multiple reaction monitoring. All of the effective parameters in the extraction of metoprolol from plasma and wastewater were optimized. Under optimal conditions the method was linear in the ranges of 1–1,000 and 0.1–1,000 ng/ml in plasma and wastewater samples, respectively. The detection limits of the method were 0.30 and 0.03 ng/ml in plasma and wastewater samples, respectively. The data showed that the method provides low detection limit, wide linear range, good precision and high extraction recovery. Finally several plasma and wastewater samples were successfully analyzed using the method. The use of a small amount of a green and inexpensive sorbent and a low volume of plasma without the need for further pretreatment steps are the main advantages of the method.     

Multi-Interactions in Ionic Liquids for Natural Product Extraction

Natural products with a variety of pharmacological effects are important sources for commercial drugs, and it is very crucial to develop effective techniques to selectively extract and isolate bioactive natural components from the plants against the background of sustainable development. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a kind of designable material with unique physicochemical properties, including good thermal stability, negligible vapor pressure, good solvation ability, etc. ILs have already been used in pharmaceuticals for extraction, purification, drug delivery, etc. It has been reported that multi-interactions, like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, play important roles in the extraction of bioactive components from the plants. In this review, recent progress in the understanding of scientific essence of hydrogen bonding, the special interaction, in ILs was summarized. The extraction of various natural products, one important area in pharmaceutical, by conventional and functional ILs as well as the specific roles of multi-interactions in this process were also reviewed. Moreover, problems existing in bioactive compound extraction by ILs and the future developing trends of this area are given, which might be helpful for scientists, especially beginners, in this field.     

Response surface methodology toward the optimization of high-energy carotenoid extraction from Aristeus antennatus shrimp

High-energy assisted extraction techniques, like ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), are widely applied over the last years for the recovery of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, antioxidants and phenols from foods, animals and herbal natural sources. Especially for the case of xanthophylls, the main carotenoid group of crustaceans, they can be extracted in a rapid and quantitative way with the use of UAE and MAE.     

Microextraction of metal ions based on solidification of a floating drop: Basics and recent updates

This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) procedures for metal ions preconcentration and their contributions to green chemistry. In this article we focused on the modifications that have been performed in the recent years to improve this environmentally friendly procedure. Among the most important of these modifications are the inclusion of ultrasonic energy, vortex and air agitation to enhance the dispersion process. The article also discussed new challenges in the procedure by using more ecofriendly solvents as extractants such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic. and supramolecular solvents. The coupling of SFODME with solid phase extraction increases selectivity and efficiency of the preconcentration procedure.     

A simple,rapid and sensitive method based on modified multiwalled carbon nanotube for preconcentration and determination of lead ions in aqueous media in natural pHs

In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was modified by the pyridine group using a silane agent and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and elemental analysis (CHN) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The application of this sorbent was investigated in determination of lead ions in aqueous samples, using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Through this study, different parameters such as pH and sample flow rate on adsorption process and eluent concentration, volume and flow rate were optimized. The limit of detection (LOD), the relative standard deviation and the recovery of the method were 2 ng mL^?1, 1.3% and 99.7%, respectively. Two standard reference materials (NIST 1571 and NIST 1572) were used to verify accuracy of this method. Finally, the sorbent was successfully applied for extraction and determination of low levels of Pb(II) ions in aqueous samples.     

An Improved Composite Multiscale Fuzzy Entropy for Feature Extraction of MI-EEG

Motor Imagery Electroencephalography (MI-EEG) has shown good prospects in neurorehabilitation, and the entropy-based nonlinear dynamic methods have been successfully applied to feature extraction of MI-EEG. Especially based on Multiscale Fuzzy Entropy (MFE), the fuzzy entropies of the τ coarse-grained sequences in τ scale are calculated and averaged to develop the Composite MFE (CMFE) with more feature information. However, the coarse-grained process fails to match the nonstationary characteristic of MI-EEG by a mean filtering algorithm. In this paper, CMFE is improved by assigning the different weight factors to the different sample points in the coarse-grained process, i.e., using the weighted mean filters instead of the original mean filters, which is conductive to signal filtering and feature extraction, and the resulting personalized Weighted CMFE (WCMFE) is more suitable to represent the nonstationary MI-EEG for different subjects. All the WCMFEs of multi-channel MI-EEG are fused in serial to construct the feature vector, which is evaluated by a back-propagation neural network. Based on a public dataset, extensive experiments are conducted, yielding a relatively higher classification accuracy by WCMFE, and the statistical significance is examined by two-sample t-test. The results suggest that WCMFE is superior to the other entropy-based and traditional feature extraction methods.     

2005～2017年快速城市化背景下洱海流域不透水表面时空格局分析

近年来随着我国经济建设的不断加快以及城市化的快速发展,工业和人口的大规模聚集造成了不透水表面的快速扩张,这对城市生态环境产生了严重的影响。作为城市化水平的关键指示因子,不透水表面已经被广泛应用在城市生态环境评估中。为了定量的分析洱海流域不透水表面拓展的时空动态特征规律,本文以大理市所在的洱海流域为研究对象,利用2005年至2017年的大理市Landsat 5、Landsat 8遥感影像,提取归一化水体指数(MNDWI)和归一化差值不透水表面指数(NDISI)对洱海流域的城市、道路进行空间分析并提取出不透水表面信息进行空间格局分析。研究结果表明：2005~2017年间,随着城市化的快速发展,洱海流域的植被覆盖率和水体等自然地物覆盖率处于下降状态,而不透水覆盖率从11.6%上升到19.8%,呈现快速持续上升趋势。由洱海水质和其流域内不透水覆盖率线性拟合结果可以得到两者具有一定的负相关性。可以预见洱海水质未来发展中随着不透水覆盖率的增长而下降。因此,在城市发展的同时,应该注重对洱海的综合治理,不能任水质自行调节。本研究结果为洱海流域内城市规划管理和流域(水)环境治理提供参考信息,具有重要的现实意义。     

Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide in the Extraction of Lanolin and Its Alcohol

The use of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO_2) in extraction of lanolin and its alcohol issuperior to the conventional solvent extractionmethod. Its distinctive advantages include highextractive ratio, nontoxic and nonflammablesolvents, and minimal by-product pollution. The     

Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum incorporated mesoporous aluminophosphate

A synthesis of molybdenum incorporated mesoporous aluminophosphate with long-chain n-alkylamine as template material had been prepared under non-aqueous condition. These materials were extensively characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption isotherms, nuclear magnetic resonance of ²⁷Al and ³¹P (NMR), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), electron spin resonance (ESR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). Morphology of the materials had been observed by using transmission electron microscope (TEM) that revealed the mesoporous materials possessed wormhole-like structures. Alkaline solvent extraction using n-butylamine/ethanol had been efficiently removed the n-alkylamine from the mesoporous samples which yielded BET surface areas around 550-730 m²/g. BJH analysis showed a narrow pore size distribution which increased with increasing of the carbon chain length of alkylamine (template). Valence state and coordination of the molybdenum in the obtained samples were investigated by using ESR and FTIR where it was found that Mo⁴⁺ and Mo⁶⁺ molybdenum species existed in the molybdenum incorporated mesoporous aluminophosphate in tetrahedral coordination.     

Structure and properties of the mesophase of syndiotactic polystyrene. II. Effect of stepwise extraction on the preparation of the mesophase

In this study, a novel stepwise extraction method has been examined. The guest molecules housed between the helices of the clathrate δ form of syndiotactic polystyrene can be removed completely with this method. A systematic study of the preparation of a solvent‐free mesophase (emptied clathrate) membrane, its helical and residual solvent contents, and its structural transformations has been performed. In this first attempt, an enhancement in the TTGG helical content has been observed in the extracted membrane, and a conceptual mechanism is proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 269–273, 2003