The Study on the Thermal Stability of CLA in Egg Yolk

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been a subject of extensive investigation for their anticarcinogenic, hypolipidemic, antiatherosclerotic and immune-enhancing activities. Stability of CLA in foods has not received much attention by both academics and industry. Although CLA has shown many beneficial effects, its decomposition must be prevented when CLA in foods is processed, stored and transported. However, no study to date has addressed the stability of CLA in foods. The present study was carried out further to examine the stability of CLA in egg yolk during the storage and frying, using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Agt-HPLC). The eggs, containing 4.0% CLA per gramme of egg yolk, were 40s. Either storage for 6 months or frying for 40 s did not significantly change the composition of CLA in egg yolk. However, the degradation of CLA was statistically significant when the CLA components of egg yolk protected CLA from degradation. It is concluded that CLA is well preserved in egg before it is consumed.     

大豆油煎炸过程理化指标与LF-NMR弛豫特性的相关性研究

在对大豆油无料/薯条煎炸过程[温度:(180±5)℃,持续36 h]中的酸价(AV)、粘度(V)、吸光值(A)及总极性化合物(TPC)含量等及低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)弛豫特性(峰起始时间T21、T22、T23、相应的峰面积比例S21、S22、S23、单组份弛豫时间T2W)变化规律研究的基础上,利用多元回归分析建立了理化指标与其LF-NMR检测结果的相关性模型,并进行验证。结果表明:大豆油的酸价、TPC含量及S21峰面积均随煎炸时间的延长而线性增大,T21、T22峰起始时间及T2W则随煎炸时间的延长而线性减小(r2>0.90),粘度、吸光值随煎炸时间的延长逐渐增加并符合二项式关系(r2>0.90),而T23峰起始时间及S22、S23与煎炸时间之间无明显规律性变化。煎炸薯条后,油样的酸价、粘度、TPC含量、吸光值及S21均较无料煎炸显著增大(P<0.05),而T21、T22峰起始时间及T2W显著缩短。多元回归分析表明,酸价及TPC含量与T2W、T21,粘度与T2W,吸光值与S21间均可建立良好的相关性模型(R2>0.93)。模型验证合理可靠,可通过油样的LF-NMR检测结果有效预测其理化指标的变化。     

莱豆真空油炸工艺优化研究

研究莱豆真空油炸的工艺特性,包括:油炸温度、真空度、时间和冷冻速率等对特色营养成分大豆异黄酮的保存和产品感观品质的影响,提出将真空油炸技术应用于香酥莱豆产品的加工,采用正交试验筛选真空油炸工艺条件。所选出的最佳工艺条件为:真空度0.085Mpa,油炸温度110℃,油炸时间15min,冷冻速率-2.5℃/h。按此生产的产品品质明显优于常压油炸产品,并且大豆异黄酮保存率比常压油炸产品高3倍,产品理化和卫生指标符合食品卫生标准,保质期12个月。     

Properties of Ozone-Oxidized Tapioca Starch and Its Use in Coating of Fried Peanuts

Oxidation of tapioca via ozone oxidation was carried out under different conditions in comparison with H₂O₂. The impact of ozonation on physicochemical properties of tapioca was studied and fried peanuts coated with different tapioca were characterized. Different ozone oxidation times (10, 20, and 30 min) and various pH values (5, 7, and 9) were used for tapioca modification. Tapioca oxidized by ozone for 20 min at pH 7 had higher swelling power (SP), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and viscosity than the native counterpart (P < 0.05). This coincided with the higher carbonyl and carboxyl contents (P < 0.05). The highest frying expansion (FE) with the lowest hardness was attained for fried peanut coated with tapioca oxidized under the aforementioned condition. Therefore, oxidation of tapioca using ozone under optimal conditions could be a potential means to improve frying expansion as well as the crispiness of the fried coated peanuts.     

鱼腥草油炸休闲食品加工及其关键环节控制研究

以鱼腥草为原料,采用食品油炸技术,研究了鱼腥草油炸休闲食品的生产工艺及其关键环节的控制.结果表明,新鲜鱼腥草洗净切段,沸水热烫1.0 min,用70℃的温度进行鼓风干燥120 min,然后在180℃的油炸温度下油炸2.0 min,经脱油、调味、冷却后真空包装.该产品具有酥脆、略有鱼腥草风味等特点.     

Modification of egg shell and its application in biodiesel production

Egg shells were subjected to calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment to obtain CaO with high activity. The performance of CaO obtained from the calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment of egg shell and commercial CaO was tested for its catalytic activity via transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO). The results showed that the methyl ester conversion was 67.57% for commercial CaO and it was 94.52% for CaO obtained from the calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment of egg shell at a 5 wt% catalyst (based on oil weight), a methanol to oil ratio of 12:1, a reaction temperature of 65 °C and a reaction time of 1 h. The biodiesel conversion was determined by ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (¹H NMR).     

常压油炸山药脆片的工艺研究

以新鲜蕲春山药为原材料,采用常压油炸工艺,开发一种新型的山药脆片.研究了山药片在常压油炸过程中水分含量、色度、质构特性、粗脂肪含量及微观结构的变化.常压油炸山药脆片的较佳工艺为:烘干温度70℃,烘干时间20 min,油炸温度160℃,油炸时间200 s.在此工艺条件下,制得的山药脆片水分质量分数为0.49%,色度(b*值)为13.95,破碎力为388.776 g,脆度值为3,粗脂肪质量分数为27.28%.所得到的山药脆片产品颜色金黄、组织饱满、口感松脆,具有山药的清香气味.     

闽西客家特色捶鱼饼真空油炸最佳工艺研究

将真空油炸技术应用于闽西客家特色捶鱼饼的加工。以淡水鱼中的鲜活草鱼为原料,在研究其真空油炸时的工艺学特性基础上,优化主要工艺条件参数,所选出的最佳工艺条件为:真空度-0.08 Mpa、油炸温度105℃、油炸时间21 min,油炸后配合离心脱油处理,转速300rpm、时间66 s。应用该条件并结合闽西客家捶鱼饼的传统预处理工艺,所开发的产品色泽金黄、炸鱼香味浓郁、酥脆爽口、破碎率5.73%、含油量≤45 g脂肪/100 g、普通包装在室温条件保质期可达12个月,综合品质明显优于闽西客家传统捶鱼饼。     

低场核磁共振法快速检测炸油质量

由于在高温油炸过程中的快速劣变，市场上油炸用油的质量问题日益受到人们的关注. 为了研究低场核磁共振技术在市场上复杂油炸条件下的油炸用油质量快速检测中的表现，共从上海市10个行政区的市场上共采集油炸用油样品107个，包括大豆油96个，起酥油11个. 通过测定油样的极性组分和黏度，发现6个(占总样品数56%)油样的极性组分超过国家标准，说明市场上油炸用油存在一定的安全问题. 通过线性分析发现极性组分和黏度之间的线性关系良好，R2为0892，除去样品中11个起酥油后R2则达到0927. 用低场核磁共振仪测定各油样后，通过对多组分T2弛豫图谱中T21峰面积(S21)比例的分析发现，S21比例与极性组分和黏度呈现良好的相关性，R2值分别为0860和0840，除去油样中的起酥油后R2值略有上升，分别达到0865和0854. 这说明可以利用低场核磁共振技术达到快速检测市场上油炸用油品质的目的.     

The effect of repetitive frying on physicochemical properties of refined,bleached and deodorized Malaysian tenera palm olein during deep-fat frying

Refined, bleached and deodorized tenera palm olein is widely used for domestic and commercial food frying. However, repeated heating and frying might lead to oil spoilage. This study focuses on the effect of deep-frying on physicochemical properties of repeatedly heated palm olein. Recycled palm olein was prepared by frying potato strips up to 5 cycles with potato-to-oil (g/ml) ratio of 3:20 prior to colour, density, viscosity, moisture content, contact angle, peroxide value and iodine value analyses. The fluctuation in the temperature of the oil was insignificant for every cycle (p > 0.05). The increase in red colour of the oil was significant (p < 0.05) after two cycles of frying from 3.6 to 5.0 Lovibond unit. After 5 frying cycles, there was no change in the density of RBDPO-2 and RBDPO-3. The viscosity of the oil after 5 frying cycles was higher as compared to after 5 heating cycles (67.7 ± 0.6 and 58.2 ± 0.9 cP respectively). Besides, the viscosity of RBDPO-3 was lower than RBDPO-2 only. The moisture content of the oil increased from 3.7 ± 0.1% to 30.4% (w/w) for RBDPO-2, whereas for RBDPO-3, the viscosity increased from 3.7 ± 0.1% to 30.4 ± 0.1% (w/w) due to the presence of the moisture from the potato. The change in the contact angle of the RBDPO-1 (control) was significant (p < 0.05) between the 1st cycle and the 5th cycle from 19.16 ± 0.45° to 12.03 ± 0.45° respectively. Besides, there was a significant change (p < 0.05) of contact angle for RBDPO-2 between the 1st cycle and the 5th cycle from 32.53 ± 0.5° to 18.06 ± 0.15° respectively. The peroxide value of the fresh oil was 2.8 ± 0.2 meq/kg and the value after the 1st cycle for all RBDPO(s) treatment increased, indicating that primary oxidation had occurred after the 1st cycle of heating and frying. A decreasing trend was observed from the 2nd until the 5th frying cycle because the instability of peroxide at a high temperature, causes rapid degradation and produced a dimer and volatile compound. Frying also decreased the unsaturated value of the oil as indicated by a decrease in the iodine value. Based on Pearson’s correlation test, there was a positive correlation between the colour, density and viscosity of the oil. The higher the peroxide value, the higher the density of the oil. There was also a positive correlation between the contact angle, moisture content and peroxide value of the oil. Whereas, a negative correlation was found between the iodine values, colour, density and viscosity of the oil. In conclusion, the potato repetitive deep-frying darkened the colour of the oil, increased its density, viscosity, contact angle, and peroxide value and decreased the degree of unsaturation of the oil as it shows a prominent sign of oxidative rancidity.