Drag on two nonuniformly structured flocs moving along the axis of a cylindrical tube

The boundary effect on the drag on two identical, nonuniformly structured flocs moving along the axis of a cylindrical tube filled with a Newtonian fluid is investigated at a small to medium larger Reynolds number. A two-layer model is adopted to simulate various possible structures of a floc, and the flow field inside is described by Darcy–Brinkman model. The results of numerical simulation reveal that a convective flow is present in the rear region of a floc when Reynolds number is on the order of 40. The presence of the tube wall and/or the porous structure of a floc has the effect of reducing that convective flow. For a fixed level of the volume-average permeability of a floc, the influence of the tube wall on the drag depends upon floc structure; the influence on a nonuniformly structured floc is more significant than that on a uniformly structured floc. The more nonuniform the floc structure, the more appreciable the deviation of the drag coefficient–Reynolds number curve from a Stokes’-law-like relation becomes. The smaller the volume-average permeability of a floc and/or the smaller the separation distance between the two flocs, the greater is the deviation, but the presence of the tube wall has the effect of reducing that deviation.     

PDMDAAC-PFS复合絮凝剂处理硅藻土悬浊液的絮体分形特征

采用扫描电镜考察了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂(PDMDAAC-PFS)处理硅藻土悬浊液的絮体形貌,并与单独使用PDMDAAC和PFS产生的絮体进行比较.运用密度-密度相关函数计算了絮体的分维,探讨了絮体的结构、分维与沉降速度的关系.结果表明,使用PDMDAAC-PFS产生的硅藻土絮体分维为1.89,比单独使用PFS和PDMDAAC产生的絮体分维大(分维分别为1.67和1.55),其沉降速度比使用PFS产生的絮体快;絮体结构为内部有较多内孔的网状结构,内孔的可渗透性可降低沉降阻力,提高沉降速度.图5,参9.     

透光脉动检测仪研究碱度对絮体形成、破碎及再生的影响

为了解碱度对絮体的形成、破碎及再生过程的影响,采用PDA2000型透光脉动检测仪测定不同碱度下投加硫酸铝时高岭土悬浮液的絮凝指数(FI指数),并以强度因子和再生因子评价絮体的强度和再生能力。结果表明,碱度的高低在很大程度上会影响絮体的形成、破碎及再生过程,所形成絮体的颗粒随碱度的增加而减小。混凝剂投量和碱度高低共同决定了絮体的抗破碎强度,碱度越高,混凝剂投量越大,絮体的强度越高。在电中和作用下形成的絮体在低碱度下经一次破碎后恢复程度接近100%,在网捕卷扫作用下形成的絮体,无论碱度高低,从第2次破碎起,FI指数均以大于10%的幅度逐次下降,絮体不可恢复程度显著增大。     

低碳氮比条件对活性污泥粒径分布的影响

活性污泥絮体的微环境被认为是同步硝化反硝化反应(SND)发生的机理之一,而适宜的絮体尺寸有利于SND的发生。以人工调配的低碳氮比污水为研究对象,采用SBR反应器,研究了其对活性污泥絮体尺寸分布的影响,分析了絮体尺寸分布与SND效率之间的关系。低COD/N条件(1.05、1.98、2.95和3.94)分别通过控制进水水质组成实现。结果表明,大于10μm的絮体大小分布符合对数正态分布函数的粒度分布。整体看来,低COD/N比进水与污泥絮体粒径分布没有显著的相关性。但是,在COD/N 1.98~3.94范围内,絮体尺寸随着COD/N增加,从117.04μm升高到181.35μm;相应地,SND效率从40.84%上升至94.72%。与COD/N比1.05相比,絮体粒径的分布更加的稳定,有更小的标准偏差,具有更加一致的log-normal分布函数形状。     

高铁基硅混凝剂形成铅絮体的分形维数分析

利用高铁基硅混凝剂及聚磷硫酸铁(PPFS)对含铅工业废水进行处理,考察含铅工业废水处理过程中分形维数对铅絮体的影响以及与铅离子去除率的关系。结果表明:对于模拟的含铅工业废水,高铁基硅混凝剂的最佳投药量(体积分数)为3.5×10-3,最佳的pH值为9.5,在此最佳条件下,铅絮体的分形维数最大,铅絮体最为密实,铅离子的去除率也最高,分形维数与铅离子去除率之间有良好的相关性;对于实际含铅工业废水,高铁基硅混凝剂的最佳投量为8×10-3,除率为92.5%,效果要好于PPFS;两种混凝剂的分形维数与铅离子去除率之间同样有良好相关性。     

基于LBM-DEM方法的泥浆过滤微观过程

在各类工程中产生了大量的高含水率废弃泥浆,过滤分离技术逐渐应用于泥浆的快速减量化中。为明确泥浆过滤的微观过程及堵塞机理,建立并验证了利用格子玻尔兹曼方法-离散单元法(Lattice Boltzmann method-discrete element method, LBM-DEM)模拟泥浆过滤。采用LBM-DEM方法模拟了多类条件下泥浆的过滤,包括不同泥浆含水率、过滤介质孔径、过滤压力及絮团性质。实验结果表明：泥浆在过滤过程中,过滤介质先作为主要的过滤单元,颗粒(或絮团)不断堵塞在过滤介质中或发生流失,当过滤介质完全堵塞后,颗粒(或絮团)不再发生流失,逐渐堆积在过滤介质表面,随着过滤的进行,泥皮逐渐累积增厚;堵塞完成的过滤介质及不断增厚的泥皮的组合体成为新的过滤系统。泥皮的渗透系数决定了新过滤系统的渗透能力,是影响泥浆过滤脱水的主要因素。LBM-DEM新方法的建立为研究及优化泥浆过滤效率提供了借鉴以及新的思路。     

低压电场对污泥分离短程化的最佳条件

研究了电场处理污泥分离短程化.通过实验考察了污泥沉降效果受污泥浓度MLSS、电极入水深度L和电压U等因素的影响.由正交实验确定了污泥沉降效率的最佳条件.结果表明,MLSS=3.7g/L、L=15cm、U=53V时,所得到的污泥沉降效果较好,沉降效率η=46.2%,促沉效果随MLSS的增大而变差,L为量筒液面总高度50%左右时促沉效果较好,浓度不同对应的最佳沉降时的电压也不同.经过电场处理后的出水水质比未经处理的要好,且活菌数量较未处理时要多一些.     

污水处理生物絮体絮凝沉淀机理分析的综述

通过介绍胞外聚合物(EPS)架桥、DLVO理论和疏水作用力3种最具代表性的理论体系,阐述了生物絮体絮凝沉淀过程、影响因素以及有待解决的问题.分析结果表明:生物絮体分泌的EPS所含蛋白质含量越少,其絮体沉淀效果越好;而疏水作用力却随EPS中蛋白质增加而加强,疏水作用力较大生物絮体絮凝能力较好,疏水作用力同时受到表面电荷的影响.此外,DLVO理论解决了EPS架桥无法解释的抗絮凝反应问题,离子强度在一定范围内越大,则絮体絮凝能力越好.     

Luminescent hexanuclear Cu(I)-cluster for the selective determination of copper

For the first time, the formation of a luminescent hexanuclear cluster has been used for the selective determination of copper. In aqueous solutions, the non-luminescent ligand N-ethyl-N′-methylsulfonylthiourea (EMT) forms an intensely red luminescent hexanuclear Cu(I)-cluster with an emission maximum at 663 nm only with Cu(II) ions. The intensity of the luminescence is proportional to the Cu(II) concentration and allows for selective Cu determinations in the μg l⁻¹-range. Ubiquitous metal ions such as Fe(III), Al(III), Ca(II), Mg(II), and alkaline metal ions, as well as other heavy metal ions, e.g. Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) are tolerated in concentrations up to 50 mg l⁻¹. The detection limit for Cu(II) in aqueous solution, calculated according to Funk et al. [Qualitätssicherung in der Analytischen Chemie, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1992], is 113 μg l⁻¹. The cluster formation has been used for the quantitative analysis of copper in tap water and in industrial water, as well as for the localization of copper adsorbed by activated-sludge flocs.     

Oscillations of exopolymeric composition and sludge volume index in nitrifying flocs

Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid composition of the exopolymer fraction of a nitrifying sludge in steady-state culture was analyzed after dissociation with 50 mM EDTA and dialysis of the nonfilamentous flocs. Steady-state culture was established when the nitrification rate was constant. The nitrification efficiency at that regime was 93%, also constant. In steady state the concentration of exopolymer protein in the nitrifying sludge floc oscillated from 5 (lowest) to 45 (highest) mg/L with a consistent oscillating pattern having a duration period of 10 d each. Carbohydrate and lipid content in the flocs showed no significant variations (30 and 36 mg/L, respectively). Only 20% of the extracellular polysaccharides had molecular weights higher than 10 kDa, suggesting that the floc aggregation depended on smaller fractions of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates. The oscillations in the concentration of exopolymeric protein coincided with parallel variations in the sludge volumetric index (SVI) value (12.2±2.1 mL/g). Analysis of the polymeric substances of the floc and suspended solids corroborated by statistical analysis indicated that the variations in the SVI of the nitrifying nonfilamentous flocs were mainly related to the changes in the exopolymeric protein content.