Improved spacer design and cost reduction in an electrodialysis system

In electrodialysis using thin membranes and spacers, the compactness of the membrane cell-pairs leads to a small potential drop, and hence to energy saving. The spacer design itself has a great effect on the cost of the plants, since spacers act as turbulence promoters. A careful design, to increase the mass transfer coefficients, can reduce the membrane surface area required for a given application. Limiting current measurements, cell-pair resistance and pressure losses are presented for several thin spacers, for different flow-velocity values and feed water concentrations. It was possible to find an advantageous geometry of the separating mesh leading to substantial savings on investment and operation costs.     

Theoretical approach and the practice to the evaluation of structural parameters characterizing concentration polarization alongside ion-exchange membranes by means of dielectric measurement

As the application of a dielectric theory proposed previously (J Membrane Sci 64:153–161 (1991)), theoretical formulation and the practical procedure of dielectric analysis are developed to calculate the structural parameters such as the conductivity gradient and the thickness of the concentration polarization layer, the capacitances and the conductances of the two adjoining aqueous phases from the observed dielectric parameters. The procedure of calculation consequent upon the theoretical formulation was applied to double relaxation data observed for cation-exchange membrane systems under application of d.c. bias voltage. As a consequence, the structural parameters of concentration polarization were readily obtained with accuracy.     

Effect of chemical modification of ion-exchange membrane MA-40 on its electrochemical characteristics

Transport characteristics of commercial heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes MA-40 and MA-41 are studied, together with those of membrane MA-40M fabricated by treating the MA-40 surfaces with a strong polyelectrolyte complex. It is demonstrated that, after modification, the electrical conductivity of MA-40M in an NaOH solution increases. At overlimiting currents, the water dissociation rate on this membrane decreases as compared with the initial membrane. At the same time, no noticeable change in the rate of transport of counter-ions (ions Cl^-) through the membrane at a fixed potential drop is discovered at under-and overlimiting currents. The MA-40M membrane behavior is explained by the conversion of secondary and tertiary functional ammonium groups in the near-surface membrane layers approximately 80 μm thick into quaternary groups during the treatment by the polyelectrolyte.     

Conversion of sodium lactate to lactic acid with water-splitting electrodialysis

The conversion of sodium lactate to lactic acid with water-splitting electrodialysis was investigated. One way of reducing the power consumption is to add a conductive layer to the acid compartment. Doing this reduced the power consumption by almost 50% in a two-compartment cell, whereas the electric current efficiency was not affected at all. Three different solutions were treated in the electrodialysis unit: a model solution with 70 g/L of sodium lactate and a fermentation broth that had been prefiltered two different ways. The fermentation broth was either filtered in an open ultrafiltration membrane (cut-off of 100,000 Dalton) in order to remove the microorganisms or first filtered in the open ultrafiltration membrane and then in an ultrafiltration membrane with a cut-off of 2000 Dalton to remove most of the proteins. The concentration of sodium lactate in the fermentation broth was 70 g/L, as well. Organic molecules present in the broth (peptides and similar organic material) fouled the membranes and, therefore, increased power consumption. Power consumption increased more when permeate from the more open ultrafiltration membrane was treated in the electrodialysis unit than when permeate from the membrane with the lower cut-off was treated, since there was a higher amount of foulants in the former permeate. However, the electrodialysis membranes could be cleaned efficiently with a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution.     

电解法制备次磷酸

研究了以惰性电极为阴阳极，次磷酸钠为原料，在直流电场的作用下，电解生成次磷酸的最佳反应条件和有关工艺。该方法简便高效，投资小，无三废，属于清洁生产。     

New ion exchange membrane derived from sulfochlorated polyether sulfone for electrodialysis desalination of brackish water

The purpose of this work is to study the desalination of brackish water using a new ion exchange membrane, made from sulfochlorated polyethersulfone (Cl‐PES), and crosslinked using aminated polyethersulfone (NH2‐PES) as a crosslinking reagent. This membrane, named ClNH2 membrane, has been obtained by reaction between Cl‐PES with 1.3 SO₂Cl groups per monomer unit and 0.2 equivalent amount of NH2‐PES. ClNH2 membrane has been characterized in terms of contact angle, transport number, intrinsic conductivity, and water uptake (as a function of temperature). Electrodialysis performances of the newly synthetized membranes have been measured using an electrodialysis cell at a laboratory scale and compared to commercial membranes. All the experiments have been performed using synthetic brackish water solutions prepared from sodium chloride salts with different concentrations (varying from 0.5 to 5.0 g/L). The concentration of different water samples obtained has been found to be below the amount recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water.     

以模型认知素养为导向的电化学模拟题的命制*——以双极膜的应用为例

以双极膜发展进程为线索,以海水淡化、钠碱循环法脱除烟气中的SO₂等现实发展中真实问题为载体,结合中学生的认知能力水平,构建了电化学双极膜认识模型;命制了双极膜及其应用的电化学模拟题,以此测查学生模型认知素养的水平等级。阐述命题策略及过程,提供以模型认知素养为导向的试题命制思路;从模型建构的角度对2020年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第12题进行了评析。     

用双极性膜电渗析法分离混合氨基酸

为开发新的混合氨基酸分离技术,提出用双极性膜电渗析分离混合氨基酸的方法.在对混合氨基酸溶液中离子成分进行分析的基础上,预测了使用该法的可行性,并通过三室双极性膜电渗析法实验验证了理论计算的结果.对于等电点相差很大的谷氨酸和精氨酸以及等电点相差比较大的谷氨酸和甘氨酸以及精氨酸和甘氨酸两元混合物,可以实现很彻底的分离,得到纯度96%以上的产品,电流密度可以达到5～10 mA·cm-2. 对于等电点相差很小的丝氨酸和脯氨酸,则分离难度较大,电流密度在1 mA·cm-2以下.该法不需使用缓冲溶液,可提高分离过程的效率.     

Coupled convection of solution near the surface of ion-exchange membranes in intensive current regimes

Mechanisms responsible for the overlimiting ion transfer in membranes systems are discussed. The overlimiting transfer is shown to be due largely to the action of four effects coupled with the concentration polarization of the system. Two of these are connected with the water dissociation near the membrane/solution interface: the emergence of additional charge carriers (ions H⁺ or OH^?) in the depleted solution layer and the exaltation of transfer of salt counterions. The latter effect is connected with the perturbation of electric field caused by the water dissociation products. The other two effects are two versions of coupled convection, which leads to partial destruction of the depleted diffusion layer. These include gravitational convection and electroconvection. The former is caused by the emergence of the solution’s density gradient. The latter develops via a mechanism of electroosmotic slip. In this work, methods of voltammetry and chronopotentiometry and pH measurements are used to study the transfer of ions through homogeneous membranes Nafion-117 and AMX as a function of the concentration of sodium chloride solutions in the underlimiting and overlimiting current regimes. In a 0.1 M NaCl solution, gravitational convection makes a considerable contribution to the transfer of salt ions near the membrane surface in intensive current regimes. The influence of this effect on the electrochemical behavior of membrane systems weakens with the solution dilution and with increasing relative transfer of the H⁺ and OH^? ions that are generated at the membrane/solution interface. In conditions where gravitational convection is suppressed and the water dissociation near the membrane/solution interface is not great, the major contribution to the overlimiting growth of current is made by electroconvection. Topics for discussion in the paper include the mutual influence of effects on one another, in particular, the effect the rate of generation of the H⁺ and OH^? ions exerts on the gravitational convection and electroconvection and the reasons for the different behavior of cation-and anion-exchange membranes in intensive current regimes.     

Fe(OH)3胶体电泳实验的两则改进

Fe(OH)3胶体电泳实验最大的问题在于胶体纯化时间太长，利用电渗析法代替传统渗析法来纯化Fe(OH)3胶体，大大缩短了纯化时间和节省了蒸馏水。另外，在拉比诺维奇－付其曼U型电泳仪^[1]的基础上加以改进，使之更加合理。