A MODEL OF TROPICAL MARINE RESERVE‐FISHERY LINKAGES

ABSTRACT. The excessive and unsustainable exploitation of our marine resources has led to the promotion of marine reserves as a fisheries management tool. Marine reserves, areas in which fishing is restricted or prohibited, can offer opportunities for the recovery of exploited stock and fishery enhancement. In this paper we examine the contribution of fully protected tropical marine reserves to fishery enhancement by modeling marine reserve‐fishery linkages. The consequences of reserve establishment on the long‐run equilibrium fish biomass and fishery catch levels are evaluated. In contrast to earlier models this study highlights the roles of both adult (and juvenile) fish migration and larval dispersal between the reserve and fishing grounds by employing a spawner‐recruit model. Uniform larval dispersal, uniform larval retention and complete larval retention combined with zero, moderate and high fish migration scenarios are analyzed in turn. The numerical simulations are based on Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, a fully protected coral reef marine reserve comprising approximately 30% of former fishing grounds. Simulation results suggest that the establishment of a fully protected marine reserve will always lead to an increase in total fish biomass. If the fishery is moderately to heavily exploited, total fishery catch will be greater with the reserve in all scenarios of fish and larval movement. If the fishery faces low levels of exploitation, catches can be optimized without a reserve but with controlled fishing effort. With high fish migration from the reserve, catches are optimized with the reserve. The optimal area of the marine reserve depends on the exploitation rate in the neighboring fishing grounds. For example, if exploitation is maintained at 40%, the ‘optimal’ reserve size would be 10%. If the rate increases to 50%, then the reserve needs to be 30% of the management area in order to maximize catches. However, even in lower exploitation fisheries (below 40%), a small reserve (up to 20%) provides significantly higher gains in fish biomass than losses in catch. Marine reserves are a valuable fisheries management tool. To achieve maximum fishery benefits they should be complemented by fishing effort controls.     

Direct numerical simulation of settling of a large solid particle during bioconvection

Settling of a large solid particle in bioconvection flow caused by gyrotactic microorganisms is investigated. The particle is released from the top of the bioconvection chamber; its settling pattern depends on whether it is released in the centre of the bioconvection plume or at its periphery. The Chimera method is utilized; a subgrid is generated around a moving particle. The method suggested by Liu and Wang (Comput. Fluid 2004; 33 :223–255) is further developed to account for the presence of a moving boundary in the streamfunction‐vorticity formulation using the finite‐difference method. A number of cases for different release positions of the particle are computed. It is demonstrated that bioconvection can either accelerate or decelerate settling of the particle depending on the initial position of the particle relative to the plume centre. It is also shown that the particle impacts bioconvection plume by changing its shape and location in the chamber. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中次生代谢产物的结构鉴定

细胞毒性;软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中次生代谢产物的结构鉴定     

鹿角短指软珊瑚Sinularia Cervicornis Tix-Dur 中的一个新糖甙-Cervicoside

珊瑚属腔肠动物门 ( Clelenterata) ,海鸡冠目 ( Alcyonacea) ,是一种热带与亚热带海洋中广泛分布Scheme 1　 Structure of cervicoside(1 )的低等海洋生物 .软珊瑚的次生代谢物中含有萜类和甾体类等各类生理活性物质[1～ 5] .我们在对鹿角短指软珊瑚的次生代谢产物研究中 ,分离到一个新三糖甙 ,命名为 Cervicoside( 1 ) ,结构见 Scheme 1 .该化合物具有较强的体外抗癌活性 .1　实验部分1 .1　样品　鹿角短指软珊瑚采自海南岛三亚海域 .样品储藏于中山大学化学与化学工程学院天然有机化学研究室 ,编号为 98- SY- 3.种属由中国科学院南海…     

High-precision timing of the Quaternary standard samples with thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) U-series method

Two national stalagmite standard (GBW04412, GBW04413) and one international coral standard (RKM_4) have been determined by using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) method. The values of ( 234 U/ 238 U) act , ( 230 Th/ 234 U) act and age are all consistent in error range with the standard values obtained by using α spectrometry.     

胞内聚合物在絮凝体与丝状菌污泥中的形成

研究了两种反应器 (间歇式反应器和连续流反应器 )在使用两种有机基质 (葡萄糖和乙酸钠 )的条件下 ,污泥膨胀发生及与胞内聚合物形成的关系 .得到结论 :丝状菌降解化学需氧量COD的速率和形成胞内有机聚合物的速率较慢 ,且整个过程几乎速率不变 ;胞内有机聚合物形成量比絮凝体污泥少 ;而絮凝体污泥有极为明显的初期COD快速降解与胞内有机聚合物快速形成阶段     

复合菌群的构建及其所产MBF絮凝活性的影响因素研究

利用筛选到的MBF产生菌构建出了比单一菌群所产MBF絮凝活性更高的复合菌群—复合2,研究了培养基初始pH值、培养温度、摇床转速、碳源、氮源和接种量等因素对复合2所产MBF絮凝活性的影响。应用实验表明,复合2所产MBF对靛蓝印染废水有较好的去除CODC r和脱色效果。     

辐照对长江可培养微生物的影响及挑选指示微生物

以长江中下游区域的水体为研究对象,通过分离纯化手段,对不同辐照剂量下长江水样中可培养微生物种类、数量进行研究.结果显示:辐照引起可培养微生物数量大幅下降,但可培养微生物群落结构变得更加丰富.各菌属中,黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)受辐照影响最大,培养得到的菌落比例下降了28.98%,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)对辐照耐受性极强,菌落比例上升了15.78%.同时发现了长江水体中具有指示价值的微生物d(Flavobacterium nitratireducens strain N1),为放射性污染的生物监测提供相关参考依据.     

Effect of Salt Addition and Fermentation Time on Phenolics,Microbial Dynamics,Volatile Organic Compounds,and Sensory Properties of the PDO Table Olives of Gaeta (Italy)

‘Oliva di Gaeta’ is almost certainly the most important and well-known PDO denomination for table olives in Italy. Their production is based on a specific two-stage trade preparation called the ‘Itrana’ method. In this work, we investigated how variations in the duration of the initial water fermentation (i.e., 15 and 30 days) and the salt concentration (i.e., 6% and 8% NaCl) influence the chemical features, microbial dynamics, polyphenols, volatile organic compounds, and sensory features of ‘Oliva di Gaeta’. The time of the addition of salt did not affect the final concentration in the brine, but a longer initial water fermentation (before salt addition) led to lower pH values. The bacterial count constantly increased until the salt addition (i.e., either 15 or 30 days), while the yeast population peaked on day 30. Generally, the two different salt concentrations did not affect the count of microorganisms at the end of fermentation, with the only exception being a higher lactic acid bacteria count for the treatment with 6% salt added at 30 days. At commercial maturity, the crucial bitter tastant oleuropein was not completely removed from the drupes, and differences in salt concentration and the length of the first-stage water fermentation did not influence its content at the end of olive curing. Richer volatile profiles of olives were detected with higher-salt treatments, while the combination of low salt and early saline treatment provided a more distinct profile. Longer initial water fermentation caused a small increase in some phenolic compounds (e.g., iso-verbascoside, verbascoside, and hydroxytyrosol-glucoside). A panel test indicated that salt application at 30 days resulted in a more “Sour” and “Bitter” taste, irrespective of the salt concentration. The low salt concentration coupled with the late saline treatment resulted in more “Fruity” notes, probably due to the higher production of esters by lactobacilli. The slightly bitter perception of the olives was consistent with the partial removal of oleuropein. Our work revealed the characteristics of the ‘Itrana’ method and that the variation in salt concentration and its time of application changes parameters ranging from the microbial dynamics to the sensory profile. Specifically, our data indicate that 6% NaCl coupled with a longer initial water fermentation is the most different condition: it is less effective in blocking microbial growth but, at the same time, is more potent in altering the nutritional (e.g., polyphenols) and sensorial qualities (e.g., bitterness and fruitiness) of ‘Oliva di Gaeta’.     

浸矿微生物共培养体系在氟胁迫下的基因调控机理探索

为了探明混合浸矿微生物的耐氟性能及其基因调控机理,应用功能基因芯片(FGA-Ⅱ)研究了5株浸矿细菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270,Leptospirillum ferriphilum YSK,Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans ST,Acidithiobacills thiooxidans A01,Acidithiobacills caldus S1)所构成的共培养体系在4.8 mmol/L氟胁迫下的基因表达谱.结果表明,该共培养体系中与氟胁迫相关的基因主要涉及到硫代谢、细胞膜、电子传递、解毒、碳固定、氮代谢等多个方面功能的代谢途径,而且各个途径在短时间(60 min)氟胁迫倾向于高效表达,而长时间(120 min)氟胁迫各个途径更倾向于低效表达.芯片图谱分析表明,氟胁迫下共培养体系中起主导调节作用的是其中的优势种群,但是劣势种群在氟胁迫时很大程度上辅助了优势种群的生长及其氧化活性的保持.