信息技术环境下儿童语言发展促进研究

在儿童语言发展特征与人类语言习得理论的基础上,探讨信息技术环境下,利用信息技术促进儿童口语、书面语发展的方法和策略以及要注意的问题。     

Electronic tongue for quality assessment of ethanol, vodka and eau-de-vie

Rapid quality assessment of alcoholic beverages, including brand identification and detection of products of unacceptable quality or counterfeits is an important practical task. In the present work the multisensor electronic tongue system (ET), based on array of potentiometric chemical sensors was applied to recognition and classification of spirits such as vodka and ethanol used for vodka production and also for eau-de-vie in cognac production. The ET system was capable of detecting presence of contaminant substances in vodka in concentrations exceeding allowed levels as well as of distinguishing vodka complying and not complying with state quality standards. Ten brands of vodka produced at the same distillery using water and ethanol of different purity and various taste additives were discriminated using the instrument. The ET could distinguish synthetic and alimentary grain ethanol as well as alimentary ethanol of different grades (i.e. different degree of purification). A feasibility study was run on several eau-de-vie samples, which included fresh and aged eau-de-vie as well as samples produced using different distillation technology and samples kept in contact with different kinds of oak. The electronic tongue showed a promise as an analytical instrument for rapid quality assessment of spirits.     

Sequential injection system with higher dimensional electrochemical sensor signals Part 1. Voltammetric e-tongue for the determination of oxidizable compounds

A sequential injection analysis (SIA) system was developed with the aim of obtaining an automatic and versatile way to prepare standards needed in the study of systems with higher dimensional sensor signals. To illustrate this, different analytical techniques were used in determinations of several analytes. Automated potentiometric calibrations of different potentiometric sensors, with and without interference, were carried out. Useful determinations of selectivity coefficients with two degrees of freedom were obtained. Simultaneous voltammetric determinations have also been done. Firstly, simultaneous determinations of lead and cadmium, using epoxy-graphite composite as the working electrode, have enabled a separate calibration for each metal to be obtained. Next, a voltammetric electronic tongue was designed and applied to the determination of oxidizable species. The use of artificial neural networks has solved the overlapped signal of ascorbic acid, 4-aminophenol and 4-acetamidophenol (paracetamol). A set of 63 data points was prepared automatically and has facilitated the training of an electronic tongue for these three analytes. Accurate predictions of test solutions, in the range of 12–410 μM for ascorbic acid, 17–530 μM for 4-aminophenol and 10–420 μM for paracetamol, have been achieved with RMSEs lower than 0.10 μM.     

Sequential injection system with higher dimensional electrochemical sensor signals Part 2. Potentiometric e-tongue for the determination of alkaline ions

An intelligent, automatic system based on an array of non-specific-response chemical sensors was developed. As a great amount of information is required for its correct modelling, we propose a system generating it itself. The sequential injection analysis (SIA) technique was chosen as it enables the processes of training, calibration, validation and operation to be automated simply. Detection was carried out using an array of potentiometric sensors based on PVC membranes of different selectivity. The diluted standard solutions needed for system learning and response modelling are automatically prepared from more concentrated standards. The electrodes used were characterised with respect to one and two analytes, by means of high-dimensionality calibrations, and the response surface of each was represented; this characterisation enabled an interference study of great practical utility. The combined response was modelled by means of artificial neural networks (ANNs), and thus it was possible to obtain an automated electronic tongue based on SIA. In order to identify the ANN which provided the best model of the electrode responses, some of the network's parameters were optimised and its usefulness in determining NH₄⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ ions in synthetic samples was then tested. Finally, it was used to determine these ions in commercial fertilisers, the obtained results being compared with reference methods.     

中国学生英语写作中的母语句法负迁移现象分析

中国学生英语写作中普遍存在母语句法负迁移现象，这严重妨碍了学生英语写作能力的提高。本文通过英汉句法差异对比来分析遗一现象。     

火车车钩舌面仿形自动堆焊机仿形系统设计

火车车钩舌面经常需要进行焊补，传统的手工堆焊工效低且质量差，为配合仿形自动堆焊机的研制，本文设计了自动堆焊机的控制系统，该系统采用眦控制技术，两个伺服电机、一个步进电机驱动和三维精密工作台机械传动，实现三坐标、多道自动堆焊，保证S面精确成型。经过调试及模拟运行后表明，该控制系统能使焊枪运动轨迹为要求的S形，并使Z向工作台在规定的时间内上下运动，保证了自动堆焊机的仿形精度和工作效率，达到其技术要求。     

导赤散加味治疗口腔溃疡30例

依据“舌为心之苗”之理论，采用导赤散加味治疗口腔溃疡30例，均获满意疗效。     

舌体一维传热模型解析解及舌温与血液灌注率的关系

结合中国传统医学理论，以猪舌为实验对象进行了生物传热的研究与计算．采用药物进行“动物造模”改变舌体的血液灌注率，测得不同血液灌注率下相对应的舌面温度，首次得到舌血液灌注率与舌面温度之间的函数关系．对猪舌动、静脉的血气分析，计算得到了舌体的代谢热．根据舌体的传热特点，以实验数据为依据，对Pennes模型进行简化，建立了舌一维传热方程，并获得其在不同血液灌注率下的解析解，结果表明，通过一维传热模型求解所得到的舌面温度与实验值基本吻合．此研究提供了较准确的生物物性参数，并为生物传热模型的建立与计算提供了方法和经验．     

Rapid Determination of the Antioxidant Capacity of Lettuce by an E‐Tongue Based on Flow Injection Coulometry

This work proposes the use of an electronic tongue based on flow injection coulometry for the rapid determination of the antioxidant capacity of fresh lettuce. The e‐tongue consisted of a series of 16 porous carbon electrodes, each poised at a fixed potential from +100 to +850 mV. Each injection leaded to a characteristic hydrodynamic voltammogram, whose profile reflects the composition of antioxidants. The correlation between the peak area recorded by each sensor and the 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) assay was maximum ín the range of potentials between +400 and 750 mV (R2>0.97). Accordingly, the charge measured provided a direct and simple index of the antioxidant capacity. The practical utility of such index was initially demonstrated by determining the best extraction conditions. This consisted in freeze‐drying of lettuce followed by methanolic extraction. Later, the e‐tongue was used to evaluate the effect of storage (one week at 5 °C) on lettuce. The e‐tongue revealed that lettuce lost up to 25 % of their initial antioxidant activity during storage. However, when lettuce samples were pre‐treated with fast cooling or vacuum cooling, the decrease of the antioxidant index was limited to 14 and 15 %. Overall, the e‐tongue is a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the determination of the antioxidant capacity of fresh lettuce samples. Indirectly, these findings suggest also that lettuce may serve as potential dietary sources of natural phenolic antioxidants.