传统慈善中的官方角色——以清代湖北育婴事业为例

育婴事业是盛行于清代的一种慈善活动，旨在救助父母无力养育或遭遗弃的婴孩。清代政府极其重视育婴，这深刻影响育婴事业的发展，尤其在湖北等发展迟滞地区。宏观上，国家颁行各种政策，鼓励各地兴办育婴；微观上，各级官吏以多种方式参与育婴事业的建设与管理。官方的介入使育婴由个别的善行义举变为全国普遍推行的一项社会事务，从根本上促进了育婴事业的发展。同时，它导致了育婴的官僚化与赋役化，扭曲了育婴的慈善性质，阻碍其独立健康发展。     

近十年来清代社会救济问题研究综述

社会救济,亦称社会救助,它是国家和社会对因各种原因失去最低生活保障的社会成员给予物质援助,以维持其最低生存需要,维护其基本生存权利的一种社会行为。清代是我国古代社会救济事业发展的鼎盛时期,对这一时期救济史的研究状况进行较为细致的回顾总结,对今后清代社会救济史的研究具有一定的指导意义。     

明清时期莆田地区的捐资助学慈善活动——以府学、县学等传统官学为考察中心

明清时期，莆田民间捐资助学慈善活动蔚然成风。在官民捐助的各级各类教育机构中，府、县官学教育占据主导地位，其意义尤其重大。通过对地方志文献记载的爬梳，介绍明清时期莆田官民在官学领域中的捐资助学情况并探讨这一慈善活动在莆田古代教育事业发展过程中的重要作用。     

卡内基的管理思想与经营理念

安德鲁.卡内基是19世纪末20世纪初美国著名的钢铁大王,在实践中他形成了一套管理思想和经营理念。他的管理思想主要有:避开过度竞争,重视规模、集约和成本,关注顾客、质量与流程;他的经营理念是诚信、慈善、节俭、审慎;他奉行的是“与所有人交往,不与任何人结盟”的原则。     

A multi-agent dynamic model based on different kinds of bequests

We investigate how wealth transfer that happens at the end of an agent’s life affects its final distribution based on a multi-agent dynamic model. We discuss two kinds of wealth transfers: to a single agent and to charities. The first kind of bequest is common in our realistic world and is always regarded by the public as unequal inheritance. The bequests to charities will be gathered and then equally redistributed among the survivors in our model. We find that when all the decedents choose the second kind of bequest, the final distribution is the Gibbs exponential function. When all the decedents choose the first kind of bequest, the result is condensation that a single individual accumulates all the available wealth. When an increasing portion of decedents choose the one-heir bequests, the exponential distribution evolves towards a power law shape (accompanied by deteriorating inequality). This shape firstly appears from the intermediate range of wealth and extends towards the top end of the simulated distribution, while the distribution remains exponential for high values of the wealth. At the same time, the Gini coefficient increases and the wealth accumulation becomes serious. At last, we analyze the source of the inequality. We find that not only unequal inheritances, but also equal division of the charity’s wealth can relatively contribute to an inequality of wealth distribution.     

当代中国慈善事业的立法状况述评

慈善事业是社会保障体系的重要组成部分,慈善事业的发展有赖于法律法规体系的完善。当前,由于慈善法律法规欠缺,慈善事业发展过程中出现一些问题,这些问题妨碍了人们善心的表达,也使社会弱势群体难以得到及时有效的帮助。尽快完善慈善事业法律法规体系,规范慈善行为,对于完善社会保障体系、落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会意义重大。