Study on the Elasticity-Plasticity-Stickiness of the Railway Crushed Stone Ballast

This paper is mainly aimed at the mechanics characteristic elas of ticity-plasticitystickiness existed in the CWR (continuously welded rails) track plane of the railway crushed stone ballast. As an important mechanics parameter of the CWR track plane, the ballast resistance is mainly influenced by this mechanics characteristic. Through the systematic experimental research and the theoretical analysis, this mechanics characteristic of the ballast resistance is revealed and a reasonable theoretical model is built for it. This study set a sound foundation for further studying the CWR track deformation property. It will be beneficial to the development of high-speed railway in China.     

特殊气候条件下水泥混凝土路面施工质量控制

从雨季施工，高温季节和低温季节施工以及施工质量检测等方面，论述了水泥混凝土路面在特殊气候条件下的施工质量控制方法及应注意的事项。     

高等级公路水泥稳定土施工工艺--博茨瓦纳帕塞公路水泥稳定层平地机施工技术研究

以博茨瓦纳帕塞公路工程施工为例，详细介绍了高等级公路水泥稳定土的施工准备、工艺流程与技术要求，指出了施工中应注意的问题。     

Specific surface of two hydrated cements differing in strength

Specific surface, S, of CSH-gel particles of disordered layered structure, was studied by water sorption/retention in two cement pastes differing in strength, i.e. C-33 (weaker) and C-43 (stronger), w/c=0.4. Hydration time in liquid phase was t _h=1 and 6 months, followed by hydration in water vapour either on increasing stepwise the relative humidity, RH=0.5→0.95→1.0 (WS) or on its lowering in an inverse order (WR). Specific surface was estimated from evaporable (sorbed) water content, EV (110°C), assuming a bi- and three-molecular sorbed water layer at RH=0.5 or 0.95, respectively (WS). On WR it was three- and three- to four-molecular (50 to 75%), respectively, causing a hysteresis of sorption isotherm. At RH=0.5 the S increased with cement strength from 146 m² g^-1 (C-33, 1 m) to 166 m² g^-1 (C-43, 1 m) and with hydration time to 163 (C-33, 6 m) and to 204 m² g^-1 (C-43, 6 m). At RH=1.0 (and 0.95), higher S-value were measured but these differences were smaller: S amounted to 190-200 m² g^-1 in C-33 (1 and 6 m) and 198-210 m² g-1 in C-43 (1 and 6 m). Thus no collapse occurred on air drying of paste C-43 (6 m). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In situ neutron powder diffraction investigation of the hydration of tricalcium aluminate in the presence of gypsum

The hydration of a 1:3 molar ratio of tricalcium aluminate, Ca₃Al₂O₆, to gypsum, CaSO₄·2D₂O, was investigated at temperatures of 25, 50, and 80 °C using time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction combined with multiphase Rietveld structural refinement. It was shown that ettringite, Ca₆[Al(OD)₆]₂(SO₄)₃·∼26D₂O, was the first and only hydration product of the system, in contrast to a prior investigation which suggested the occurrence of a precursor phase prior to the formation of ettringite. Kinetics data showed that the hydration reaction is very sensitive to temperature: hydration at 25 °C was characterized by a single kinetic regime while hydration at higher temperatures consisted of two distinct kinetic regimes. The presence of two kinetic regimes was attributed to a change in either the dimensionality of the growth process or a change in the rate controlling mechanism in the hydration reaction.     

Resistance of supersulfated cement to strong sulfate solutions

One of the principal uses of supersulfated cement has been for structures exposed to sea water and sulfate bearing ground waters. The resistance to such environments has been related to the absence of calcium hydroxide and the combination of much of the free alumina into ettringite during hydration. This paper reports the resistance of SSC to sulfate solutions in which ettringite has been decomposed. Prism samples were subjected to initial water storage at 25°C for both 28 days and 6 months. Samples were also cured for 6 months at 95°C and at both 11% and 100% R.H. The control samples of 28 days were compared with the 6 months samples of a more mature undecomposed SSC paste. After curing the prisms were measured and all the samples were immersed in three sulfate solutions (0.7M Na₂SO₄ , 0.7M MgSO₄ and saturated CaSO₄), and water at the same time. Measurements of linear expansion over 6 months were carried out. Core and surface material following immersion was examined by DTG and XRD. The study indicated that SSC is resistant to sodium and calcium sulfate solutions. Strong magnesium sulfate solutions decomposed the samples under all conditions. A possible mechanism for this attack is suggested. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同介质凝胶体系中草酸钙结晶的研究

研究了五种不同介质（水、氯化钠、合成尿、正常人尿液和尿石患者尿液）的凝胶体系中草酸钙（CaC2O4）晶体的生长,及各种体系中防石药物柠檬酸钾（K3cit）对CaC2O4生长的影响.没有加K3cit时,CaC2O4晶体以一水草酸钙（calcium oxalate monohydrate, COM）为主要物相,但在氯化钠和合成尿的凝胶体系中同时出现了二水草酸钙（calcium oxalate dihydrate, COD）和三水草酸钙（calcium oxalate trihydrate, COT）,肾结石患者尿液中出现COD,而正常人尿液中没有COD和COT生成.加入K3cit后,水、氯化钠和合成尿介质的凝胶体系中,COT的含量显著增加,患者尿液中产生大量COD,而正常人尿液中出现了少量的COD和极个别的COT.COT的增加与低温、体系中高的离子强度及金属离子等因素有关.K3cit具有诱导COD和COT的生成、减小COM晶体比表面积的作用,从而有利于防治草酸钙结石的形成.     

Calorimetric studies of refractory corundum

Calorimetry has been used in the investigations of calcium aluminate materials produced as a binder for aluminate-corundum composites of high refractoriness. The kinetics and of hydration process was thus characterized and the optimum compositions of initial binders and cement-corundum refractory filler blends could be selected for further tests. The acceleration of heat evolution - the shortening of so-called induction period and relatively high heat output in the presence of corundum was observed. It means the acceleration of hydration process, that is early crystallisation of hydration products and subsequent further dissolution of initial anhydrous aluminate phases. In the presence of fine grained corundum particles these phenomena should be attributed to the nucleating effect of fine corundum particles. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of Some Aggressive Media on Corrosion Resistance of Mortars With Spent Cracking Catalyst

The influence of spent catalyst from catalytic cracking in fluidized bed on the hydration process of cement and the properties of cement mortars were studied. The spent catalyst was used as an additive to cement in the mortars (10 and 20% of cement). The samples of mortars kept in water for28 days, then they were placed in sulfate and chloride media for 2 months (the control samples were kept in water for 3 months). After this time they were subjected to bending strength and compressive strength determinations. Thermogravimetric and infrared absorption studies were performed and capillary elevation, capability of binding heavy metals, and changes in mass and apparent density were determined too. The studies disclosed the pozzolana nature of spent catalyst and its influence on cement mortars being in contact with corrosive media. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Study of clinker dopped with P and S compounds

The sintering and the structure of clinkers, modified by the introduction of different ionic forms of sulfur and phosphorus into the raw mix, were examined. One reference synthetic mixture and 25 modified mixtures were prepared by mixing the reference sample with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%w/w of chemical grade CaSO₄, CaS, Ca₃(PO₄)₂, CaHPO₄ and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂. Free lime content in all samples was measured. The sintering reactions in samples were recorded by means of differential thermal analysis. The texture of the clinkers was examined using a scanning electron microscope and EDX. It is concluded that, despite of their relatively low doping concentration in the raw mix, P and S affect considerably its reactivity and the texture of the clinker. The various ionic forms of the same element (SO₄ ^2-, S^2- for S, PO₄ ^3-, HPO₄ ^2- and H₂PO₄ ^- for P) exhibit a different and unequivocal effect on the reactivity of the synthetic raw mix and on the texture of the corresponding clinkers. S (in both forms) and P (added as HPO₄ ^2-) are mainly dissolved in the melt and they have a positive effect on the burnability of the raw mix. P (added as PO₄ ^3- or H₂PO^4-) is preferentially accumulated in belite. In this case further stabilization of β-C₂S occurs and the binding of the free lime is hindered. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.