Enzyme production and profile by Aspergillus niger during solid substrate fermentation using palm kernel cake as substrate

The oil palm sector is one of the major plantation industries in Malaysia. Palm kernel cake is a byproduct of extracted palm kernel oil. Mostly palm kernel cake is wasted or is mixed with other nutrients and used as animal feed, especially for ruminant animals. Recently, palm kernel cake has been identified as an important ingredient for the formulation of animal feed, and it is also exported especially to Europe, South Korea, and Japan. It can barely be consumed by nonruminant (monogastric) animals owing to the high percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose contents. Palm kernel cake must undergo suitable pretreatment in order to decrease the percentage of hemicellulose and cellulose. One of the methods employed in this study is fermentation with microorganisms, particularly fungi, to partially degrade the hemicellulose and cellulose content. This work focused on the production of enzymes by Aspergillus niger and profiling using palm kernel cake as carbon source.     

Development of a bionematicide with Paecilomyces lilacinus to control Meloidogyne incognita

Root-knot disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a matter of grave concern because it affects several economically important crop plants. The use of solid-state fermentation (SSF) may help to elaborate efficient formulations with fungi to be employed in the biologic control of nematodes. Attempts were made to select low-cost substrates for spore production of a strain of Paecilomyces lilacinus with known nematicide capacity. Coffee husks, cassava bagasse, and defatted soybean cake were utilized as substrates, and sugarcane bagasse was used as support. Fermentations were carried out in flasks covered with filter paper at 28°C for 10 d. The products obtained by SSF were evaluated for their nematicide activity in pot experiments containing one seedling of the plant Coleus inoculated with the nematode M. incognita. The plants were evaluated 2 mo after inoculation. Fermented products showed a reduction in the number of nematodes. The best results were obtained with defatted soybean cake, which showed almost 100% reduction in the number of nematodes; the reduction with coffee husk was 80% and with cassava bagasse was about 60%.     

气相色谱法检测月饼中的脱氢乙酸

应用硫酸锌试剂沉淀月饼样品中的蛋白,乙醚提取样品中的脱氢乙酸,建立了Rtx-5弱极性毛细管柱-气相色谱分离检测月饼中的脱氢乙酸的方法。经方法验证,方法的检出限为0.24μg/mL,定量下限为0.32μg/mL,在0.0～0.5 mg/mL浓度范围内脱氢乙酸的浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数r2=0.999 5,加标回收率在87.9%～94.4%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.5%(n=12)。该方法样品处理简单,适合月饼中脱氢乙酸的定量分析检测。     

中和颗粒可压缩性颗粒层模型

本文针对可压缩颗粒层建立了二维数值模型.首先利用颗粒层中颗粒间的相互位置关系,建立了每一个颗粒的力平衡方程,获得了每一个颗粒的受力大小,然后提出了颗粒层坍塌判据,在此基础上,建立了描述颗粒层的沉积-压缩-沉积的动态过程的可压缩颗粒层模型,模型计算结果表明,颗粒层压缩现象主要发生在下部区域,过滤速度越高、范德华力越小,颗粒层越易坍塌,并且颗粒层的压降出现了脉动,模型结果符合已知的实验结果.     

Solid-state fermentation for production of phytase by Rhizopus oligosporus

Solid-state fermentation of coconut oil cake has been carried out with Rhizopus oligosporus for the production of phytase. Phytase is used commercially in the animal feed industry to improve animal performance because there is a substantial and growing interest among swine and poultry producers in the application of phytase to improve the nutritional quality in animal feeds. Demonstrated benefits include improved feed yield ratios and reduction in the environmental costs associated with the disposal of animal wastes. We report the production of extracellular phytase by R. oligosporus under solid-state fermentation using coconut oil cake as substrate. Maximal enzyme production (14.29 U/g of dry substrate) occurred at pH 5.3, 30°C, and 54.5% moisture content after 96 h of incubation. The addition of extra nutrients to the substrate resulted in inhibition of product formation. The results indicate the scope for production of phytase using coconut oil cake as solid substrate without additional nutrients.     

冷冻调理马铃薯饼的研制

马铃薯的预糊化试验结果表明,在各种加热方法中,马铃薯经蒸煮25 min后的糊化效果最好.正交试验结果表明,奶粉含量和黄油含量对冷冻调理马铃薯饼的感官指标有显著的影响.对冷冻调理马铃薯饼的油脂的测试结果显示,未经油炸的马铃薯饼的脂肪含量为4.24%,而经过油炸后的马铃薯饼的脂肪含量为11.18%.经过一个月的冻藏后,未经油炸的冷冻调理马铃薯饼的油脂的过氧化值为1.94%,而经过油炸的冷冻调理马铃薯饼的油脂的过氧化值为7.79%.     

基于MATLAB的发酵液恒压过滤比阻计算方法——以解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q-426发酵液为例

介绍了用MATLAB的Curve Fitting Toolbox计算解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q-426发酵液恒压过滤比阻的方法。通过在图形界面下导入恒压过滤实验数据及平滑处理、采用平滑样条拟合数据以及数值微分等操作,确定了解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q-426发酵液恒压过滤的滤饼比阻。研究表明,该方法运行可靠,无需编程,易于掌握。与传统计算方法相比,操作更为便捷,强有力的图形界面也使计算变得更加简单而直观。     

正渗透膜生物反应器滤饼层性质研究

正渗透膜生物反应器(OMBR)作为一种新兴的技术,有很好的应用前景,但是关于其膜污染的研究尚且不多。该文章研究了在OMBR运行过程中膜表面所形成滤饼层的性质。结果显示,在OMBR运行初期,大粒径颗粒先沉积在膜表面,随着运行,生物反应器内的颗粒变小,小的颗粒沉积在膜表面。滤饼层韧性比较强,很容易将其从膜表面冲刷下来。扫描电镜显示滤饼层与正渗透膜接触一侧很光滑,冲洗后的膜只有少量污染物残留。这是由于正渗透膜表面粗糙度小,孔隙小,污染物很难进入膜孔中,滤饼层与膜之间连接不紧密。滤饼层中51%重量组分的物质是有机物,其余是无机污染物。通过红外测定,主要的有机污染物是多糖和蛋白质,是生物聚合物的主要成分。通过能量散射X射线分析仪(EDX)显示主要无机元素是Si, Ca, Mg, Al和Fe。综上,正渗透膜生物反应器产生的膜污染易清洗,要减少其膜污染需要控制生物聚合物和无机污染物的量。