运用遗传算法的深亚微米输出缓冲器优化设计方法

分析了小尺寸效应对深亚微米器件性能的影响，结合输入输出耦合电容和漏极扩散层寄生电容对CMOS反相器延迟影响很大的特点，建立了小尺寸器件延时估算模型．采用变尺寸率反相器级连方法，建立了深亚微米输出缓冲器优化设计模型，并运用遗传算法建立了新的优化方法．该方法利用罚函数将小尺寸输出缓冲器优化问题转化为无约束问题，通过适应度函数设计和染色体编码，得到遗传优化结果，克服了传统方法处理非线性多变量问题时存在的效率降低等缺陷．SPICE仿真表明，应用新的深亚微米缓冲器设计模型及方法的优化结果与传统设计比较，延时减少了1个数量级以上，尺寸减小了30%以上，验证了新的深亚微米缓冲器设计模型及设计方法的可靠性．     

Production systems with interruptions, arbitrary topology and finite buffers

We consider a production system with finite buffers and arbitrary topology where service time is subject to interruptions in one of three ways, viz. machine breakdown, machine vacations or Npolicy. We develop a unified approximation (analytical) methodology to calculate the throughput of the system using queueing networks together with decomposition, isolation and expansion techniques. The methodology is rigorously tested covering a large experimental region. Orthogonal arrays are used to design the experiments in order to keep the number of experiments manageable. The results obtained using the approximation methodology are compared to the simulation results. The ttests carried out to investigate the differences between the two results show that they are statistically insignificant. Finally, we test the methodology by applying it to several arbitrary topology networks. The results show that the performance of the approximation methodology is consistent, robust and produces excellent results in a variety of experimental conditions.     

Selection of suitable operating conditions to minimize the gradient equilibration time in the separation of drugs by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography with volatile (mass spectrometry-compatible) buffers

Reversed phase gradient elution is the method of choice for pharmaceuticals analysis since it allows reducing the analysis time while improving both the quality of the separation and the detection limits. The current trends are towards faster separations which can be achieved thanks to equipments withstanding ultra-high pressures and/or high temperatures. Under such conditions, gradient separations can be carried out within a few minutes or even a few tens of seconds. A long equilibration time in addition to the gradient time can be therefore very detrimental. In this work, we investigated the extent to which the gradient equilibration time can be reduced and which parameters mainly affect the retention variability of ionizable compounds when using volatile buffers. We first found out an excellent repeatability between run-to-run experiments whatever the equilibration time and the operating conditions. We then pointed out the key operating parameters which allow achieving reproducible runs when varying the equilibration time between runs. With a view of reducing the equilibration time, the effects of various conditions were examined. The latter include the type of additive for mobile phase pH adjustment, the initial eluent composition, the type of stationary phase, the temperature and the flow-rate. Although much remains to be understood about the equilibration process, our study allows making progress in the knowledge of this phenomenon. Based on the present results, a beneficial effect of both temperature and flow-rate was highlighted and operating conditions leading to faster column equilibration are suggested.     

Kinetic Buffers

This paper proposes a new type of molecular device that is able to act as an inverse proton sponge to slowly decrease the pH inside a reaction vessel. This makes the automatic monitoring of the concentration of pH‐sensitive systems possible. The device is a composite formed of an alkyl chloride, which kinetically produces acidity, and a buffer that thermodynamically modulates the variation in pH value. Profiles of pH versus time (pH–t plots) have been generated under various experimental conditions by computer simulation, and the device has been tested by carrying out automatic spectrophotometric titrations, without using an autoburette. To underline the wide variety of possible applications, this new system has been used to realize and monitor HCl uptake by a di‐copper(II) bistren complex in a single run, in a completely automatic experiment.     

采用双经验回放池的噪声流双延迟深度确定性策略梯度算法

为了进一步提高双延迟深度确定性策略梯度算法(TD3)的网络探索性能和收敛速度,提出一种采用基于多步优先和重抽样优选机制的双经验回放池的噪声流TD3算法。该算法在策略网络中的每一层添加噪声流以增加参数的随机性,并引入多步优先经验回放池,将多个连续样本组成一个基础单元进行存储,训练时通过多步截断双Q处理实现对值函数的有效逼近,同时增加一个经验回放池采用重抽样优选机制来存储学习价值更大的样本,双经验回放池的设置可弥补样本多样性不足的问题。在OpenAI Gym平台的Walker2d-v2场景中进行仿真实验,结果表明,与对比算法相比,本文算法获得的回报值有明显改善,网络收敛速度也大大加快。     

Partial Pooling in Tandem Lines with Cooperation and Blocking

For a tandem line of finite, single-server queues operating under the production blocking mechanism, we study the effects of pooling several adjacent stations and the associated servers into a single station with a single team of servers. We assume that the servers are cross-trained (so that they can work at several different stations) and that two or more servers can cooperate on the same job. For such a system, we provide sufficient conditions on the service times and sizes of the input and output buffers at the pooled station under which pooling will decrease the departure time of each job from the system (and hence increase the system throughput). We also show that pooling decreases the total number of jobs in the system at any given time and the sojourn time of each job in the system if the departure time of each job from the system is decreased by pooling and there is an arrival stream at the first station. Moreover, we provide sufficient conditions under which pooling will improve the holding cost of each job in the system incurred before any given time, and extend our results to closed tandem lines and to queueing networks with either a more general blocking mechanism or probabilistic routing. Finally, we present a numerical study aimed at quantifying the improvements in system performance obtained through pooling and at understanding which stations should be pooled to achieve the maximum benefit. Our results suggest that the improvements gained by pooling may be substantial and that the bottleneck station should be among the pooled stations in order to obtain the greatest benefit. AMS subject classification: 90B22     

山西沁河上游河岸植被缓冲带综合评价

在对河岸带特性进行调查的基础上,针对我国北方河岸带的特点,从河流健康状况、岸坡稳定性、河岸带土壤条件、河岸带植被条件等4个方面选取16个指标,运用层次分析法,构建了河岸植被缓冲带综合评价体系,并将河岸带生态系统的状态分为4个等级:理想状态、良好状态、一般自然状态和较差状态。运用该体系对山西省沁河的一级支流赤石桥河和紫红河的河岸植被带现状进行评价,结果显示赤石桥河处于"良好状态",紫红河处于"一般状态"。     

Hierarchical controls in stochastic manufacturing systems with machines in tandem

This paper presents an asymptotic analysis of hierarchical production planning in a manufacturing system with serial machines that are subject to breakdown and repair, and with convex costs. The machines capacities are modeled as Markov chains. Since the number of parts in the internal buffers between any two machines needs to be non-negative, the problem is inherently a state constrained problem. As the rate of change in machines states approaches infinity, the analysis results in a limiting problem in which the stochastic machines capacity is replaced by the equilibrium mean capacity. A method of “lifting” and “modification” is introduced in order to construct near optimal controls for the original problem by using near optimal controls of the limiting problem. The value function of the original problem is shown to converge to the value function of the limiting problem, and the convergence rate is obtained based on some a priori estimates of the asymptotic behavior of the Markov chains. As a result, an error estimate can be obtained on the near optimality of the controls constructed for the original problem.     

Critical evaluation of buffering solutions for pKa determination by capillary electrophoresis

The performance of the most common and also some other less common CE buffers has been tested for the pKa determination of several types of compounds (pyridine, amines, and phenols). The selected buffers cover a pH ranging from 3.7 to 11.8. Whereas some buffers, like acetic acid/acetate, BisTrisH+/BisTris, TrisH+/Tris, CHES/CHES-, and CAPS/CAPS- can be used with all type of analytes, others like ammonium/ammonia, butylammonium/butylammonia, ethylammonium/ethylammonia, diethylammonium/diethylammonia, and hydrogenphosphate/phosphate are not recommended because they interact with a wide range of compounds. The rest of the tested buffers (dihydrogenphosphate/hydrogenphosphate, MES/MES-, HEPES/HEPES-, and boric acid/borate) can show specific interactions depending on the nature of the analytes, and their use in some applications should be restricted.     

太行山太古宙湾子岩系的流体与岩石平衡体系

太行山太古宙湾子变质层状岩系主要由富铝片麻岩、各类大理岩、变粒岩等组成。富铝片麻岩和大理岩类岩石中平衡流体成分相差甚大：与透辉大理岩和橄榄大理岩平衡的变质流体成分x(H₂O)=0.02～0.07,近于纯二氧化碳;与富铝片麻岩平衡的流体成分则含有相对较高的水,x(H₂O)=0.27～0.747。不同成分的岩石在很小区域内变质流体成分存在较大差别,它们主要受岩性控制。富铝片麻岩水的摩尔分数较高,大理岩水摩尔分数极低,反映了它们的流体岩石平衡体系以内部缓冲作用为主。这与阜平片麻杂岩的以渗透作用为主的流体岩石平衡体系形成了鲜明的对比,反映了湾子变质层状岩系与阜平片麻杂岩形成于不同的构造层次。