胆红素提取方法的新探索

胆红素是制工业的贵重原料，可人工合成牛黄。合成牛黄的胆红素要求质量较高，因此探索胆红素的提取方法，具有重要的科学价值和经济利益。改进制备胆红素钙盐、酸化、精制等阶段，使胆红素产率和纯度都有明显提高。     

Astragalus membranaceus ultrafine powder alleviates hyperuricemia by regulating the gut microbiome and reversing bile acid and adrenal hormone biosynthesis dysregulation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMetabolic syndrome is closely related to the intestinal microbiota and disturbances in the host metabolome. Hyperuricemia (HUA), a manifestation of metabolic syndrome, can induce various cardiovascular diseases and gout, seriously affecting a patient’s quality of life. Astragalus membranaceus has a long history as a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine to treat kidney disease in China and East Asia.Materials and methodsWe compared the therapeutic effect of benzbromarone and two different doses Astragalus membranaceus ultrafine powder (AMUP) in rats with HUA. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer was used to analyze the AMUP metabolism in the plasma, urine, and feces. Further, 16S ribosome RNA sequencing and feces metabolomic were performed to capture the variation of the gut microbiota and metabolites changes before and after drug administration.ResultsAMUP had a notable impact on reducing blood uric acid levels while protecting the liver and kidney. Drug metabolism analysis demonstrated that effective constituent flavonoids are distributed in the blood, whereas saponins remain in the intestine. Gut microbiota analysis showed that low-dose AMUP ameliorated HUA-induced gut dysbiosis by reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria and increasing that of some beneficial bacteria with anti-inflammatory properties, such as Clostridia, Lachnospiraceae, and Muribaculaceae. In addition, HUA-induced changes in metabolite contents in bile acid and adrenal hormone biosynthesis pathways were restored after treatment with AMUP.ConclusionLow-dose AMUP exerts remarkable therapeutic effects on HUA by regulating the gut microbiome and mediating gut metabolism pathways associated with uric acid excretion.     

M2+(Zn2+、Cu2+)-BR-OH--EDTA 水溶液体系的发光特征

为了进一步探讨金属离子对胆红素的发光机制,采用荧光光谱法考察了室温下胆红素在不同体系中的发光情况.结果显示,BR-OH--EDTA体系与BR-OH-体系的荧光性质相似;而M2 -BR-OH--EDTA与M2 -BR-OH-体系的荧光性质也相似,其中Zn2 -BR-OH--EDTA体系比BR-OH-体系的荧光强度有显著增强,而Cu2 -BR-OH--EDTA体系比BR-OH-体系的荧光强度有明显猝灭.     

Bilirubin protects grafts against nonspecific inflammation-induced injury in syngeneic intraportal islet transplantation

Nonspecific inflammatory response is the major cause for failure of islet grafts at the early phase of intraportal islet transplantation (IPIT). Bilirubin, a natural product of heme catabolism, has displayed anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study has demonstrated that bilirubin protected islet grafts by inhibiting nonspecific inflammatory response in a syngeneic rat model of IPIT. The inflammation-induced cell injury was mimicked by exposing cultured rat insulinoma INS-1 cells to cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ) in in vitro assays. At appropriate lower concentrations, bilirubin significantly attenuated the reduced cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis induced by cytokines, and protected the insulin secretory function of INS-1 cells. Diabetic inbred male Lewis rats induced by streptozotocin underwent IPIT at different islet equivalents (IEQs) (optimal dose of 1000, and suboptimal doses of 750 or 500), and bilirubin was administered to the recipients every 12 h, starting from one day before transplantation until 5 days after transplantation. Administration of bilirubin improved glucose control and enhanced glucose tolerance in diabetic recipients, and reduced the serum levels of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, TNF-α, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and NO, and inhibited the infiltration of Kupffer cells into the islet grafts, and restored insulin-producing ability of transplanted islets.     

胆红素光敏反应对腹水型肝癌细胞DNA的降解作用

胆红素光敏反应对腹水型肝癌细胞ＤＮＡ合成具有明显的抑制作用，对ＤＮＡ分子具有明显的降解作用降解作用随胆红素浓度的增加，照光时间的延长而加剧。避光组细胞ＤＮＡ分子也有一定的降解，但照光组的降解作用明显高于避光组。     

STUDIES OF ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE ON BILIRUBIN FREE RADICALS

The nature of ESR signals derived from bilirubin-Ⅸα has been studied by focusing onthe samples treated with free radical generating and inhibiting systems, i.e. X-XOD, Fe/EDTA, SOD, mannitol/ascorbate, CO, KCN, etc. In all the cases, the stable signals comprisethose originated from semiquinone radical (g = 2.0012) and superoxide free radical (g_∥=2.041, g_⊥= 2.0040). The superoxide is shown binding with certain metal ions chelated bybilirubin. The free radical scavengers are able to destroy these radicals. The kinetic curveof the regeneration of bilirubin radicals has been determined and the reaction follows azero order mechanism. It is likely that both the physiological and toxic actions of bilirubinare related to the characters of its free radicals. Bilirubin is discussed as "active oxygensink" in mammalians.     

The electrooxidation behavior of bilirubin in DMF and DMF + H_2O mixed solvent

The electrooxidation of Bilirubin (BR) in N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) and DMF + H_2O mixed solvent is investigated by voltammetry techniques, in situ rapid scan thin layer spectroelectrochemistry and in situ ESR spectroscopy. The data reveal that the oxidation process of BR undergoes many stages, which are all sped up by the introduction of water. The species of bilirubin taking part in the reaction is found to be changed from BR in DMF into BR' in the mixed solvents and the anodic peak potential is shifted correspondingly from +0.58 V to +0.026-+0.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, 1.0 M KCl). Free radicals and the dimerization of them are observed during the oxidation.     

Metal Ion Complexation of Bilirubin Monolayer

Recently.biomimeticstrategieshavefocusedontheapplicationofbioinorganicnanocompositesandshapedhybridmaterialswithmicroscaleorganization'.Becauseoftheimportanceofbilepigmentsinphysiologicalsystemsuchascalciumbilirubinates,themaincomponentofblack-pigmentgallstones,anabnormalproductofbiomineralizationinmammalbodiesandcopperbilirubinate,afree-radicalscavengerinbileandprotectingphospholipidsfromperoxidation',agreatdealofattentionhasalreadybeengiventothestudyofbilirubin(BR)andotherbilepigments'.Excel…